Project – Biblical teachings on polygamous marriage and its effects on Church reputation

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTON

• Background to the Study

Polygamous marriage, defined as the practice of having more than one spouse simultaneously, has long been a controversial issue within Christian theology and practice. While modern Christian doctrine predominantly supports monogamy, the Bible contains numerous references to polygamy, particularly in the Old Testament. Patriarchs such as Abraham (Genesis 16:3), Jacob (Genesis 29:28), David (2 Samuel 5:13), and Solomon (1 Kings 11:3) had multiple wives, and their polygamous arrangements were not explicitly condemned in the narratives. These biblical precedents have led to ongoing theological debates regarding whether polygamy was divinely sanctioned, culturally tolerated, or narratively descriptive without being prescriptive.

In the New Testament, however, a shift toward monogamy becomes evident. Jesus’ teachings in Matthew 19:4–6 emphasize God’s original design for marriage as the union of “a man” and “his wife,” referencing the Genesis creation account. Additionally, the pastoral epistles stipulate that church leaders—bishops and deacons—should be “the husband of one wife” (1 Timothy 3:2, 12; Titus 1:6), which many scholars interpret as a normative endorsement of monogamy within the Christian community. These teachings form the basis for many contemporary Christian denominations’ rejection of polygamy as incompatible with biblical standards of marital fidelity and leadership integrity.

Despite the prevailing monogamous view, certain Christian communities, particularly in Africa and parts of Asia, continue to grapple with polygamy due to traditional cultural norms. In some cases, new converts who are already in polygamous unions are not required to divorce additional wives, raising complex pastoral and ethical concerns. This tension between biblical interpretation and cultural accommodation presents a challenge for church leaders seeking to uphold doctrinal purity while showing compassion and inclusivity. Consequently, how churches handle polygamy can influence their theological credibility and unity.

The reputation of the Church, both locally and globally, can be significantly affected by its stance and practices related to polygamous marriage. In societies that value monogamy, a Church’s acceptance of polygamy may lead to criticism, loss of moral authority, and alienation from mainstream Christianity. Conversely, in cultures where polygamy is a normative practice, strict monogamy requirements might be seen as culturally insensitive or even discriminatory. Thus, the church must navigate these issues carefully, balancing scriptural fidelity with cultural engagement (Mbiti, 1991; Bediako, 1995).

Furthermore, public controversies involving church leaders engaged in or endorsing polygamous practices often provoke scrutiny from media, governments, and ecumenical partners. Such incidents can cast doubt on a church’s commitment to biblical values, especially if perceived as inconsistent or hypocritical. The perception of the Church as a moral authority depends significantly on its alignment with biblical ethics, and any deviation—or perceived deviation—can compromise its witness and mission (Stott, 1999; Wright, 2006).

Given the complex interplay between biblical teachings, cultural realities, and ecclesiastical integrity, studying the implications of polygamous marriage on church reputation is both timely and necessary. Understanding how biblical narratives on polygamy have been interpreted across time and cultures can help churches develop coherent theological responses. Such clarity is essential not only for maintaining doctrinal soundness but also for safeguarding the public witness and moral reputation of the Church in an increasingly interconnected world.

1.2  Statement of the Problem

Polygamous marriage, though frequently referenced in the Bible, continues to present a theological and ethical dilemma for the contemporary Church. While Old Testament figures such as Abraham, Jacob, David, and Solomon engaged in polygamous relationships, these practices are not directly condemned in the scriptural texts. This has led to a level of ambiguity regarding whether polygamy is biblically acceptable or merely tolerated within specific cultural and historical contexts. The absence of explicit prohibition has resulted in differing interpretations, causing confusion among believers and church leaders about the appropriate doctrinal stance.

In contrast, the New Testament presents a more defined perspective on marriage, emphasizing monogamy as the ideal. Passages such as Matthew 19:4–6 and pastoral instructions in 1 Timothy 3:2 and Titus 1:6 advocate for a one-man, one-woman marriage model, especially in church leadership. This apparent shift raises the problem of biblical consistency and interpretative authority: If God tolerated polygamy in the Old Testament but promoted monogamy in the New, how should churches today resolve this tension in a theologically sound manner?

The issue becomes even more complex in regions where polygamy is still practiced due to cultural or traditional norms. In many African and Asian societies, new Christian converts may already be in polygamous marriages. Church leaders in such contexts face the difficult decision of whether to require these individuals to abandon their additional spouses or allow them to remain in such unions. This pastoral challenge brings into question how to maintain scriptural faithfulness without alienating believers or disrespecting cultural identities.

Moreover, the Church’s handling of polygamous marriage has direct implications for its public image and moral authority. Churches that appear permissive toward polygamy may be accused of compromising biblical standards, especially in predominantly monogamous societies. On the other hand, churches that strictly prohibit polygamy may be viewed as culturally insensitive or colonial in their application of Western Christian norms. This dual perception problem threatens to undermine the Church’s credibility and effectiveness in its mission and outreach.

There is also the growing concern about internal disunity within denominations and congregations due to differing policies on polygamy. Disagreements over doctrine and pastoral practice can lead to division, loss of trust in leadership, and weakened witness. Additionally, scandals involving church leaders who engage in or endorse polygamous relationships further complicate the Church’s efforts to present itself as a moral and spiritual guide in society.

Therefore, the central problem this study seeks to address is the lack of consensus and clarity regarding the biblical stance on polygamous marriage and how this ambiguity affects the reputation and integrity of the Church. Without a coherent, contextually sensitive, and theologically grounded approach to this issue, the Church risks both internal conflict and external criticism. Addressing this problem is essential for preserving doctrinal unity, pastoral effectiveness, and the Church’s witness in diverse cultural settings.

1.3   Purpose of the Study

The study examines the Biblical teachings on polygamous marriage and its effects on Church reputation. The specific objectives are:

1. To examine the biblical teachings on polygamous marriage and analyze their relevance in modern society.
2. To investigate the historical and cultural context of polygamous marriage in the Bible and its impact on the Church’s reputation.
3. To explore the ethical implications of polygamous marriage within the framework of Christian beliefs and values.
4. To assess the potential effects of polygamous marriage on the Church’s credibility and influence in the community.

1.4  Significance of the Study

This study holds significant theological value as it aims to clarify the biblical teachings on polygamous marriage, an issue that has long been debated among Christians. By analyzing both Old and New Testament scriptures, the research contributes to a more consistent understanding of what the Bible conveys about marriage structures. This clarity is essential for formulating doctrinal positions that are faithful to scripture, helping theologians, scholars, and church leaders to better interpret and apply biblical principles in contemporary settings.

The study is also important for church leadership and pastoral ministry. Many pastors, especially those serving in regions where polygamy is culturally practiced, face complex pastoral decisions involving members in polygamous relationships. This research provides them with theological guidance and practical insight on how to address such cases with both biblical integrity and pastoral sensitivity. It will equip leaders to make informed decisions that promote unity, healing, and accountability within their congregations.

In addition, the study has relevance for Christian ethics and moral theology. It addresses how the Church’s stance on polygamy influences its moral authority and public witness. A consistent and well-reasoned theological position on marriage helps the Church maintain credibility in a world where its teachings are increasingly scrutinized. By examining the effects of polygamous practices on the Church’s image, the study contributes to broader discussions on the relationship between Christian doctrine and societal perception.

This research is particularly significant for Christian communities in culturally diverse settings, especially in Africa and parts of Asia where polygamy remains prevalent. It acknowledges the cultural realities these churches face and seeks to bridge the gap between traditional customs and biblical standards. This can lead to more culturally sensitive yet scripturally grounded pastoral practices, strengthening the Church’s role in guiding ethical and spiritual development in those communities.

Furthermore, the study has academic significance as it contributes to the broader field of religious studies, specifically in areas of biblical hermeneutics, intercultural theology, and ecclesiology. It offers a focused analysis that can inform future research, teaching, and curriculum development in seminaries and theological institutions. Scholars and students will benefit from the insights generated by this study, especially those exploring the intersection of scripture, culture, and church practice.

Finally, the study holds social relevance by exploring how church policies and teachings on marriage influence broader societal values regarding gender, family, and morality. As the Church continues to engage with issues of marriage and family in a changing world, a well-reasoned stance on polygamy will help foster trust and relevance in the public sphere. Ultimately, the study serves not only the Church but also the wider community by promoting ethical consistency, cultural awareness, and theological integrity.

1.5   Scope of the Study

The study examines Biblical teachings on polygamous marriage and its effects on Church reputation. The study is restricted to Edo East District of Assemblies of God, Nigeria.

1.6  Limitation of the Study

One of the primary limitations of this study is the scope of biblical interpretation, which can vary widely among denominations and theological traditions. While the research aims to analyze both Old and New Testament teachings on polygamous marriage, the study does not encompass every possible interpretive framework or doctrinal position. Differences in hermeneutical approaches—such as literal, historical-critical, or contextual readings—may result in varying conclusions that are not fully addressed within this study. Additionally, the Bible itself presents polygamy through descriptive narratives rather than explicit doctrinal statements, which can limit the clarity and conclusiveness of theological interpretations.

Another limitation is the cultural and geographical focus of the study. While it seeks to address the global Church, much of the contextual analysis focuses on regions where polygamy is culturally practiced, particularly in parts of Africa and Asia. This may not fully reflect the experiences or challenges faced by churches in Western or secularized societies, where polygamy is often illegal and socially unacceptable. Furthermore, the study is based largely on secondary data, theological literature, and biblical texts; it does not include empirical fieldwork such as interviews or surveys with church leaders and members, which could have provided more practical insights into how polygamy affects church reputation on the ground.

1.7  Research Questions

The research questions are buttressed below:

1. How do biblical teachings on polygamous marriage apply to contemporary society?
2. What is the historical and cultural significance of polygamous marriage in the Bible and how does it affect the Church’s reputation?
3. What ethical considerations arise when discussing polygamous marriage within Christian beliefs and values?
4. How might polygamous marriage impact the credibility and influence of the Church within the community?

1.8  Research Hypothesis

The hypothetical statement of the study is buttressed below:

Ho: Polygamous marriage has no significant impact on Christian beliefs and values

H1: Polygamous marriage has significant impact on Christian beliefs and values

1.9   Operational Definition of Terms

Biblical Teachings: Biblical teachings refer to the principles, doctrines, moral instructions, and spiritual guidance found in the Bible. These teachings are derived from both the Old and New Testaments and serve as a foundation for Christian belief and practice. They encompass areas such as faith, salvation, ethics, family life, leadership, and worship, guiding how Christians understand and live out God’s will.

Polygamous Marriage: Polygamous marriage is the practice of having more than one spouse at the same time. In biblical and cultural contexts, this usually refers to a man having multiple wives. While polygamy is depicted in several parts of the Old Testament (e.g., among figures like Abraham, Jacob, and Solomon), it is a subject of theological debate, especially when viewed alongside New Testament teachings that emphasize monogamy.

Effects: Effects are the outcomes, results, or consequences that arise from a particular action, practice, or belief. In the context of this study, effects refer to the impact that biblical teachings and the practice of polygamous marriage have on various aspects of the Church—especially its doctrine, unity, leadership credibility, and public image.

Church Reputation: Church reputation refers to how the Church is perceived by its members, the broader Christian community, and the general public. This includes opinions about its moral integrity, doctrinal consistency, leadership credibility, and social influence. A church’s stance on controversial issues—such as polygamous marriage can significantly affect its reputation either positively or negatively, depending on how aligned or misaligned that stance is with biblical teachings and societal expectations.

Project – Biblical teachings on polygamous marriage and its effects on Church reputation