Full Project – DIETARY INTAKE AND MICRONUTRIENT STATUS OF SCHOOL CHILDREN IN ENUGU- SOUTH L.G.A., ENUGU STATE, NIGERIA

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page

Certification

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Abstract

Table of content

List of Tables

List of Figures

CHAPTER ONE

1.0       Introduction

1.1       Iron

1.2       Zinc

1.3       Copper

1.4       Objective

1.4.1    Specific Objective

CHAPTER TWO

2.0       Literature Review

2.1       Iron

2.1.1    Functions of Iron

2.1.1.1 Iron as Oxygen Carriers

2.1.1.2 Iron in Electron Transport

2.1.1.3 Iron as Antioxidant and Pro-oxidant

2.1.1.4 Iron in DNA synthesis

2.1.2    Iron Requirements

2.1.3    Iron Absorption

2.1.4    Iron Deficiency

2.1.4.1 Causes of Iron Deficiency

2.1.4.2 Effects of Iron Deficiency

2.1.5    Food Sources

2.2.      Zinc

2.2.1    Functions of Zinc

2.2.1.1 Catalytic Role

2.2.1.2 Structural Role

2.2.1.3 Regulatory Role

2.2.2    Zinc Defiance in Children

2.2.2.1 Impaired growth and Development

2.2.2.2 Impaired Immune System Function

2.2.2.3 Diarrhea

2.2.2.4 Pneumonia

2.2.3    Food Sources

2.3       Copper

2.3.1    Some of the physiological Copper

2.3.1.1 Energy Production

2.3.1.2 Connective Tissue Formation

2.3.1.3 Iron Metabolism

2.3.1.4 Central Nervous System

2.3.1.5 Melanin Formation

2.3.1.6 Antioxidant Function

2.3.1.7 Regulation of Gene Expression

2.3.2    Absorption Distribution of Copper

2.3.3    Dietary Sources of Copper

2.3.4    Copper Deficiency

2.3.4.1 Clinical Symptoms of Copper Deficiency

CHAPTER THREE

3.0       Methodology

3.1       Study Subjects

3.1.1    Study Location

3.1.2    Sample Design

3.2       Ethical Consideration

3.3       Dietary Intake

3.4       Blood Analysis

3.4.1    Preparation of Sample Containers

3.4.2    Digestion of Sera

3.5       Instrumentation

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0       Results

4.1       Micronutrient Composition of Major Foods and Drinks Consumed by Subjects

4.2       The Serum Micronutrient Indices of Subjects

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0       Discussion

5.1       Conclusion

            Reference

ABSTRACT

This study sought to assess the dietary intake and serum Zinc, Iron and Copper status of primary school children aged 5-13 years living in Enugu- South Local Government Area of Enugu State, Nigeria. This study is a community- based cross sectional study, adopting multistage random sampling techniques. Dietary intakes of the micronutrients were assessed using the 24 hours dietary recall. The micronutrient intakes of the children were evaluated using dietary requirement intake (DRI) as a reference. Two milliliters (2ml) of non-fasting venous blood were taken from the children for serum micronutrient analysis. Three hundred and thirty (330) children were analyzed for serum micronutrient status; 155 (47%) were male while 175 (53%) were females, with their mean age 8±1.09: The mean micronutrient intakes of the subjects were 4.98 ± 3.7, 4.53 ± 1.63, and 0.42 ± 0.20 mg/d for Fe, Zn and Cu respectively. Only the male group aged 5-9 years met 100% of the DRI for Zn while the 5-9 years females, 10-13 years males and 10-13 years female did not meet up with the DRI for Zn, Fe and Cu. The mean serum micronutrients of the total children were 63.16 ± 18.06, 62.27 ± 17.3 and 69.9 ± 14.99µg/dl for Fe, Zn and Cu respectively. Of the 330 children studied, 32%, 43% and 23% of them seems to deficient in Fe, Zn and Cu respectively. The food intakes of the children did not supply the recommended DRI for school children. There is therefore an urgent need to educate the public on good eating habits and the need for diversification of diets with fruits, vegetables and animal products in order to ensure adequate intake of these essential micronutrients.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0      INTRODUCTION

Micronutrients are nutrients that are only needed by the body in minute amounts, which are involved in the production of enzymes, hormones and other substances, helping to regulate growth activity, development and the functioning of the immune and reproductive systems (FAO 2002).

Micronutrient malnutrition is a condition that results from eating diets that lack one or more of micronutrients, that is required by the body for proper growth and development (Allen et al.

2006).

. Micronutrient deficiencies have been a major nutritional problem in developing countries like Nigeria and have adversely affected people’s health, performance and income, thereby becoming major impediments to economic development (Bowley 2008).

This condition usually occurs when people cannot afford to diversify their diets with adequate amount of fruits, vegetables or animal source foods that contains large amount of micronutrients. These usually occur with people based mostly on monotonous cereal or fiber based diets (FAO 2002).

Nutritional deficiencies have become more prevalent following economic stress and food insecurities faced by populations in these countries. Most at risk groups include children less than 5 years of age, adolescents, women of childbearing age, particularly the pregnant and lactating, refugees and victims of famine (Dairo et al. 2009).

Micronutrient deficiencies can exist in populations even where the food supply is adequate in terms of meeting energy requirements. In these situations, people are not considered “hungry” in the classical sense, but their diets may be grossly deficient in one or more micronutrients

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