EFFECT OF SIX WEEKS AEROBICS EXERCISE ON THE UPPER ARM MUSCLES OF SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS OF ISSA WILLIAMS MEMORIAL HIGH SCHOOL, IPONRI, LAGOS (Chapter 1-5)

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background to the Study

Fundamental movements of man, which they have achieved from their pre-human ancestors, are walking, running, jumping, climbing, throwing, pulling and pushing. The combination of these basic fundamental movements, enables man to develop various secondary movements essential for day-to-day living and for the use in games and sports. Physical fitness is important for all human beings, irrespective of their age. A given work may not be carried out if the required physical strength is not available. Fitness is the first and foremost thing to enjoy the life fully (Reddy, 2012).

Regular physical activity, fitness, and exercise are critically important for the health and wellbeing of people, whether they participate in vigorous exercise or some type of moderate health-enhancing physical activity. Even among frail and very old adults, mobility and functioning can be improved through physical activity (Butler, Segal, Gutin & Harrison, 2008).

Regular aerobic exercise will produce beneficial effects for any age group providing the exercise is specific and appropriate to the level of fitness of the individual. Progressive exercise correctly performed will increase the level of fitness and improve health. It will also create a sense of well -being, produce greater energy and reduce the risk of developing many diseases (Lin, Wahlberg & Fleck, 2013).

Exercise makes demands on the body systems over and above normal every day activities and as a result the systems adapt anatomically and physiologically (Rosser, 2001).Appropriate regular daily physical activity is a major component in preventing chronic disease, along with a healthy diet and not smoking. For individuals, it is a powerful means of preventing chronic diseases; for nations, it can provide a cost effective way of improving public health across the population.

Available experience and scientific evidence show that regular physical activity provides people, both male and female, of any conditions including disabilities with a wide range of physical, social and mental health benefits (WHO, 2003).

Fitness for living in the house or on the farm or at office or factory or in work places or in any service implies freedom from disease, enough strength, endurance and other abilities to meet the demands of daily living. Doing physical activity everyday contributes to optimum health and quality of life. Life styles can be changed to improve health and fitness through daily exercises (Selvan, 2008).

Aerobic exercise (also known as cardio) is physical exercise of relatively low intensity that depends primarily on the aerobic energy-generating process. Aerobic literally means living in air, and refers to the use of oxygen to adequately meet energy demands during exercise via aerobic metabolism (Lin et al., 2013). Generally, light-to-moderate intensity activities that are sufficiently supported by aerobic metabolism can be performed for extended periods of time (Willis, Bray &Bernstein, 2011). Aerobic exercises are a wonderful way to burn fat and tone body muscles, leaving one healthy and in a good shape.  Aerobic exercise stimulates heart, lungs and all working group of muscles and produces valuable changes in body and mind. Many physiological changes are determined by daily aerobic exercises (Shahana, Reilly, Garrow & Grande, 2010).  These activities are healthy, easier to perform and inexpensive.

Aerobic exercise uses the same large muscle groups, rhythmically, for a period of 15 to 20 minutes or longer while maintaining 60-80% maximum heart rate (Selvan, 2008). Examples of aerobic activities include: walking, biking, jogging, swimming, aerobic dance classes, cross-country skiing, cycling. Other benefits of aerobic exercise include: increased resistance to fatigue, extra energy and stamina, toned muscles and increased lean body mass, decreased tension and stress, improved quality of sleep. Aerobic exercise in conjunction with strength training and a proper diet will reduce body fat, decrease risk of diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, osteoporosis, various cancers, and heart disease. From a psychological perspective, aerobic exercise: improves mood, reduces depression and anxiety.

On the whole. aerobic exercise is important for maintaining physical fitness and can contribute to maintaining a healthy weight, regulating digestive health, building and maintaining healthy bone density, muscle strength, and joint mobility, promoting physiological well-being, reducing surgical risks, and strengthening the immune system. Some studies indicate that exercise may increase life expectancy and the overall quality of life (Arslan, 2011).

Statement of the Problem

A lot of previous research had been carried out on the impact of aerobic exercise on the variables of physical fitness and muscular development. However, studies that focus on the impact of aerobic exercise on upper arm muscles are few. It is due to this that the researcher aims to carry out this study.

 Purpose of the Study

The main purpose of this study is to study the effect of 8 weeks aerobics exercise on the upper arms muscles among senior secondary school students in Issa Williams Memorial High School. Specifically, this study aims to:

1. study the effect of 8 weeks aerobics exercise on the endurance of the upper arms muscles of senior senior secondary school students in Issa Williams Memorial High School
2. study the effect of 8 weeks aerobics exercise on the flexibility of the upper arms muscles of senior senior secondary school students in Issa Williams Memorial High School
3. study the effect of 8 weeks aerobics exercise on the strength of the upper arms muscles of senior secondary school students in Issa Williams Memorial High School

Research Questions     

• Will 8 weeks aerobics exercise have effect on the endurance of the upper arms muscles of senior secondary school students in Issa Williams Memorial High School?
• Will 8 weeks aerobics exercise have effect on the flexibility of the upper arms muscles of senior secondary school students in Issa Williams Memorial High School?
• Will 8 weeks aerobics exercise have effect on the strength of the upper arms  muscles of senior secondary school students in Issa Williams Memorial High School?

Research Hypotheses 

• 8 weeks aerobics exercise will not have significant effect on the endurance of the upper arms muscles of senior secondary school students in Issa Williams Memorial High School
• 8 weeks aerobics exercise will not have significant effect on the flexibility of the upper arms muscles of senior secondary school students in Issa Williams Memorial High School
• 8 weeks aerobics exercise will not have significant effect on the stength of the upper arms muscles of senior secondary school students in Issa Williams Memorial High School

 Delimitation of the Study

The study is delimited to senior secondary school students in Issa Williams Memorial High School

 Significance of the Study

This study may be of benefit to the government, school administrators, parents and all stakeholders in the education sector as it will sensitize them on the numerous benefits of aerobic exercise to students and everyone.

Operational Definition of Terms

Aerobic exercise: This is physical exercise of low to high intensity that depends primarily on the aerobic energy-generating process, can be sufficiently supported by aerobic metabolism can be performed for extended periods of time.

Physical fitness: this is the ability of an individual to carry out daily task with vigour and without undue fatigue and still have reserved energy to enjoy leisure pursuit.

Muscular endurance: this is the ability of a muscle or group of muscles to sustain repeated contractions against a resistance for an extended period of time.

Muscular strength: this refers to the amount of force a muscle can produce with a single maximal effort.

Flexibility: this is the range of motion of a joint or the ability of a joint to move freely

Aerobic endurance: this is the ability of the body to continuously transport oxygen throughout its various systems for extended period of time.

Project Overview

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