Project – Impact of poor sanitation and hygiene on children In Emene Nike, Enugu East local Government Area, Enugu State
ABSTRACT
The study examined the impact of poor sanitation and hygiene on children In Emene Nike, Enugu East local Government Area, Enugu State. Four research objectives were used in the study, namely: to assess the prevalence of waterborne diseases among children in Emene Nike due to poor sanitation and hygiene practices; to investigate the relationship between access to clean water and sanitation facilities and the health outcomes of children in the community; to identify the main barriers to practicing good hygiene behaviors among children in Emene Nike; and to evaluate the effectiveness of current sanitation and hygiene interventions in reducing the incidence of diseases among children in the area. The target population consists of primary school Caregivers in Emene Nike, Enugu East local Government Area, Enugu State. To select the needed samples for this study, the researcher used a total number of one hundred (100) primary school Caregivers in Emene Nike, Enugu East local Government Area, Enugu State. The research hypothesis stated earlier was tested using Chi-Square Statistics. The study recommended that the LGA should implement educational campaigns to raise awareness about the importance of hygiene and sanitation. The study concluded that Access to clean water and sanitation facilities will improve the health outcomes of children in the community.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
- Background to the Study
Poor sanitation and hygiene have long been recognized as critical public health issues, particularly in developing regions. In Emene Nike, a community within the Enugu East Local Government Area of Enugu State, Nigeria, these issues are especially pronounced. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), inadequate sanitation and hygiene are major contributors to the global burden of disease, particularly among children (WHO, 2019). In Emene Nike, the lack of proper sanitation facilities and hygiene practices has been linked to a range of health problems, including diarrheal diseases, malnutrition, and parasitic infections, which disproportionately affect children.
Diarrheal diseases are among the most significant health issues resulting from poor sanitation and hygiene. Studies have shown that children in areas with inadequate sanitation are at a higher risk of contracting diarrheal diseases, which can lead to severe dehydration and even death (Prüss-Ustün et al., 2014). In Emene Nike, the prevalence of open defecation and the lack of clean water sources exacerbate this problem. Research by Ezeh et al. (2014) found that communities in Enugu State with poor sanitation facilities had higher rates of diarrheal diseases among children, highlighting the urgent need for improved sanitation infrastructure.
Malnutrition is another critical issue linked to poor sanitation and hygiene. Children in Emene Nike are particularly vulnerable to malnutrition due to the frequent occurrence of waterborne diseases, which can impair nutrient absorption and lead to chronic undernutrition (Humphrey, 2009). A study by Fagbemigbe and Olajuyin (2016) in Nigeria found a strong correlation between poor sanitation and higher rates of stunting and wasting among children. This underscores the importance of addressing sanitation and hygiene to improve child health outcomes in the region.
Parasitic infections, such as soil-transmitted helminths, are also prevalent in areas with poor sanitation. These infections can cause a range of health problems, including anemia, growth retardation, and cognitive impairments (Bethony et al., 2006). In Emene Nike, the lack of proper waste disposal and the presence of contaminated soil contribute to the high incidence of parasitic infections among children. A study by Uneke et al. (2007) in southeastern Nigeria found that children in areas with inadequate sanitation were more likely to be infected with intestinal parasites, further emphasizing the need for improved hygiene practices.
The impact of poor sanitation and hygiene extends beyond physical health, affecting children’s education and overall well-being. Frequent illness due to poor sanitation can lead to absenteeism from school, hindering educational attainment and future opportunities (Freeman et al., 2012). In Emene Nike, children who suffer from recurrent infections and malnutrition are less likely to attend school regularly, which can have long-term consequences for their development and socio-economic status. Addressing sanitation and hygiene issues is therefore crucial for improving educational outcomes and breaking the cycle of poverty in the community.
The impact of poor sanitation and hygiene on children in Emene Nike, Enugu East Local Government Area, Enugu State, is profound and multifaceted. The high prevalence of diarrheal diseases, malnutrition, and parasitic infections among children highlights the urgent need for improved sanitation infrastructure and hygiene practices. By addressing these issues, it is possible to significantly improve child health outcomes, educational attainment, and overall well-being in the community. Future research and interventions should focus on sustainable solutions that involve community participation and education to ensure lasting improvements in sanitation and hygiene.
- Statement of the Problem
The issue of poor sanitation and hygiene is a significant public health concern, particularly in developing regions such as Emene Nike in Enugu East Local Government Area, Enugu State. Inadequate sanitation facilities and poor hygiene practices contribute to a high prevalence of waterborne diseases, which disproportionately affect children. According to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2019), children are more vulnerable to infections such as diarrhea, cholera, and typhoid fever, which are directly linked to poor sanitation and hygiene. These diseases not only lead to high morbidity and mortality rates among children but also impede their physical and cognitive development.
In Emene Nike, the lack of access to clean water and proper sanitation facilities exacerbates the problem. Many households rely on contaminated water sources for drinking and domestic use, increasing the risk of disease transmission. A study by UNICEF (2020) highlights that children in areas with poor sanitation are more likely to suffer from repeated episodes of diarrhea, which can lead to chronic malnutrition and stunted growth. This situation is further compounded by inadequate waste disposal systems, which contribute to environmental pollution and the proliferation of disease vectors such as mosquitoes and flies.
The educational impact of poor sanitation and hygiene on children in Emene Nike cannot be overlooked. Frequent illness due to waterborne diseases results in high absenteeism rates among school-aged children. Research by the Global Partnership for Education (GPE, 2018) indicates that children who miss school frequently due to illness are at a higher risk of falling behind academically and eventually dropping out. This creates a cycle of poverty and limited opportunities, as education is a critical pathway to improved socio-economic status.
Moreover, the psychological and social effects of poor sanitation and hygiene on children are profound. Children who suffer from chronic illnesses or malnutrition often experience social stigma and isolation, which can affect their mental health and self-esteem. According to a report by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2021), children living in unsanitary conditions are more likely to experience anxiety and depression. This underscores the need for comprehensive interventions that address both the physical and psychological well-being of children in affected areas.
Efforts to improve sanitation and hygiene in Emene Nike must be multifaceted, involving community education, infrastructure development, and policy implementation. Community-based programs that educate families about the importance of handwashing, safe water storage, and proper waste disposal can significantly reduce the incidence of waterborne diseases. Additionally, investment in sanitation infrastructure, such as the construction of latrines and the provision of clean water sources, is crucial. The World Bank (2017) emphasizes that such interventions not only improve health outcomes but also contribute to economic development by reducing healthcare costs and increasing productivity.
The impact of poor sanitation and hygiene on children in Emene Nike, Enugu East Local Government Area, Enugu State, is a multifaceted problem that requires urgent attention. Addressing this issue is essential for improving the health, education, and overall well-being of children in the community. Collaborative efforts between government agencies, non-governmental organizations, and local communities are necessary to implement sustainable solutions that will ensure a healthier and brighter future for the children of Emene Nike.
- Aim and Objectives of the Study
The aim of the study is to examine impact of poor sanitation and hygiene on children In Emene Nike, Enugu East local Government Area, Enugu State. The specific objectives are to:
- To assess the prevalence of waterborne diseases among children in Emene Nike due to poor sanitation and hygiene practices.
- To investigate the relationship between access to clean water and sanitation facilities and the health outcomes of children in the community.
- To identify the main barriers to practicing good hygiene behaviors among children in Emene Nike.
- To evaluate the effectiveness of current sanitation and hygiene interventions in reducing the incidence of diseases among children in the area.
- Research Questions
The research questions are buttressed below:
- What is the prevalence of waterborne diseases among children in Emene Nike due to poor sanitation and hygiene practices?
- How does access to clean water and sanitation facilities relate to the health outcomes of children in the community?
- What are the main barriers to practicing good hygiene behaviors among children in Emene Nike?
- How effective are current sanitation and hygiene interventions in reducing the incidence of diseases among children in the area?
- Research Hypothesis
The hypothetical statement of the study is buttressed below:
Ho: Access to clean water and sanitation facilities will not improve the health outcomes of children in the community.
H1: Access to clean water and sanitation facilities will improve the health outcomes of children in the community.
- Significance of the Study
The significance of studying the impact of poor sanitation and hygiene on children in Emene Nike, Enugu East Local Government Area, Enugu State, cannot be overstated. This region, like many others in developing countries, faces significant challenges related to inadequate sanitation facilities and poor hygiene practices. These issues have far-reaching consequences on the health, education, and overall well-being of children, who are among the most vulnerable populations. Understanding these impacts is crucial for developing effective interventions and policies to improve the living conditions and future prospects of these children.
Firstly, poor sanitation and hygiene are directly linked to a high prevalence of infectious diseases among children. In Emene Nike, children are frequently exposed to pathogens due to inadequate waste disposal systems, lack of clean water, and insufficient handwashing facilities. This exposure leads to a higher incidence of diseases such as diarrhea, cholera, and typhoid fever. Diarrheal diseases, in particular, are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children under five years old. By studying the specific conditions in Emene Nike, we can identify the most pressing sanitation and hygiene issues and target them effectively to reduce the disease burden.
Secondly, the impact of poor sanitation and hygiene extends beyond physical health to affect children’s cognitive development and educational outcomes. Frequent illness and malnutrition, often resulting from poor sanitation, can impair cognitive functions and hinder learning abilities. Children who are frequently sick are more likely to miss school, fall behind in their studies, and eventually drop out. This creates a cycle of poverty and limited opportunities, as education is a key determinant of future economic prospects. By highlighting these connections, the study can advocate for integrated health and education interventions to support children’s development.
Moreover, poor sanitation and hygiene have significant social and psychological impacts on children. Inadequate sanitation facilities, such as the lack of private and safe toilets, can lead to feelings of shame, embarrassment, and anxiety, particularly among adolescent girls. This can affect their self-esteem and social interactions, further isolating them from their peers and community. Understanding these social dimensions is essential for creating a supportive environment that promotes the dignity and well-being of all children.
The study also has implications for public health policy and resource allocation. By providing detailed evidence of the specific sanitation and hygiene challenges faced by children in Emene Nike, policymakers can prioritize investments in infrastructure and public health programs. This can lead to the construction of more toilets, improved waste management systems, and the provision of clean water sources. Additionally, public health campaigns can be tailored to educate the community about proper hygiene practices, such as handwashing with soap, to prevent the spread of diseases.
Furthermore, the study can serve as a model for other regions facing similar challenges. The findings and recommendations can be adapted and applied to other local government areas in Enugu State and beyond. This can create a ripple effect, leading to broader improvements in sanitation and hygiene across the region. By sharing best practices and successful interventions, the study can contribute to a larger movement towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly Goal 6, which aims to ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.
The significance of studying the impact of poor sanitation and hygiene on children in Emene Nike, Enugu East Local Government Area, Enugu State, lies in its potential to improve health outcomes, educational attainment, and overall quality of life for children. By addressing these critical issues, the study can inform policies and interventions that create a healthier, more equitable future for the next generation. The insights gained from this research can drive meaningful change, not only in Emene Nike but also in other communities facing similar challenges, ultimately contributing to global efforts to enhance child well-being and development.
- Scope of the Study
The study examines the Impact of poor sanitation and hygiene on children In Emene Nike, Enugu East local Government Area, Enugu State. The study is restricted to primary school Caregivers in Emene Nike, Enugu East local Government Area, Enugu State.
- Operational Definition of Terms
Impact: The term “impact” refers to the strong effect or influence that something has on a situation or person. In the context of poor sanitation and hygiene, it refers to the consequences or outcomes that these conditions have on individuals or communities.
Poor Sanitation: Poor sanitation refers to inadequate facilities and practices for the safe disposal of human waste, garbage, and wastewater. This includes a lack of clean toilets, improper sewage systems, and insufficient waste management. Poor sanitation can lead to the spread of diseases and environmental contamination.
Hygiene: Hygiene involves practices and conditions that help to maintain health and prevent the spread of diseases. This includes personal hygiene practices such as handwashing, bathing, and oral care, as well as public health measures like clean water supply and proper waste disposal.
Children: Children are individuals who are in the early stages of human development, typically defined as those under the age of 18. They are particularly vulnerable to the effects of poor sanitation and hygiene due to their developing immune systems and the critical stages of growth and development they are undergoing.
Project – Impact of poor sanitation and hygiene on children In Emene Nike, Enugu East local Government Area, Enugu State