Full Project – THE EFFECTS GIRL CHILD EARLY MARRIAGE ON EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.0    Background of the Study

Education is the process of becoming critic aware of one’s reality in a manner that leads to affective action. An educated man or woman understand his or her world well and deals with it effectively. Educated men and women if they exist in sufficient number would not leave the absurdities of the present world unchanged. Edukugho (2002) noted that the prosperity of a country depends not on the abundance of its revenue, the strength of its fortifications, but on the number of its educated citizens.

Child marriage is a fundamental violation of human rights that can have numerous adverse effects on girls social, mental, physical, health and wellbeing. It is also not a singular violation. Having free and full consent to marry is connected to the right to life, the right to health, the right to education. The right to safety and security. In addition to denying girls their right to make their own choices for their lives, it also puts them at greater risk of early pregnancy, domestic violence and sexually transmitted infections, while reducing their opportunities for education and employment.

It is also a period when the girl-child is malleable, builds and develops her personality and character. The girl-child is a biological female offspring from birth to 18 years of age. During this period, the young girl is totally under the care of the adult who may be parents, guardians or elder siblings. Very dependent on others who she models their behaviours, through observation, repetition and imitation. Her physical, mental, social, spiritual and emotional developments start and progress to get to the peak at the young adult stage. (Sutherland, 2001). The development of any society would be grossly lopsided if the girl child is not given quality education.

Education in any normal society is accepted as an instrument to power, prestige, survival, greatness and advancement for men and women. The United Nations General Assembly (2001) adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights which stipulates that everyone has the right to education which shall be free atleast in elementary and primary stages. Similarly, the National Policy on Education emphasizes among other things that there will be equal opportunities for all citizens, However, Osinulu (1994) lamented that the girl-child is discriminated against in terms of education and given out to marriage early thereby denying the girl-child the required competences for community development.

1.2    Statement of the Problem

Early marriage can be a violation of children’s basic right-to-childhood, to an education, to good health and to make decisions about their own lives. The physical, emotional and social effects of early marriage are varied, but one of the most common outcomes is the withdrawal of girls from formal education. Marriage does not have to mean that a girl’s education finishes. The attitudes of parents, schools and spouses in many societies mean that it often does. Husbands of young wives are often older men, who expect their wives to follow tradition, stay at home and undertake household and childcare duties. The girl may be unable to go against her husband’s wishes and the husband’s family may refuse to invest their scarce resources in the wife’s continued schooling. Schools often have a policy of refusing to allow married or pregnant girls or girls with babies to return. They believe that it will set a bad example to other pupils or that other parents will be angry to see the school go against the traditional believe.

Early and forced marriage is most prevalent where poverty, birth and death rates are high, there is greater incidence of conflict and civil strife and lower levels of overall development, including schooling, employment and healthcare. Married young girls are frequently taken out of school, are at a higher risk of HIV infection, early pregnancy and health conditions such as obstetric fistula. If she survives childbirth her children are less likely to grow up healthy and go to school, continuing the cycle of poverty for generations to come.

Marriage frequently follows school leaving. But it is not clear the direction of causation. Is it that early marriage causes girls to leave school prematurely such that those girls and their families predisposed to early marriage are less inclined to invest in girls’ schooling? The interaction between the number of years of a girl’ s schooling and the postponement of marriage is firmly established by demographic and fertility studies.

1.3    Purpose of the Study

The main purpose of this study is to identify the effects girl child early marriage on educational attainment. The study ought to

1. Determine the impact of child marriage on girl-child education in Shomolu Local Government Area.
2. Examine the impact of cultural beliefs of early marriage on girls-child educational attainment in Shomolu Local Government Area.

iii.      Determine the impact of early marriage of academic performance on girl-child     education in Shomolu Local Government Area.

1.4    Research Questions

The following research questions were designed to guide the study:

1. What are impacts of child marriage on girl-child education in Shomolu Local Government Area?
2. What are the impacts of cultural beliefs of early marriage on girl-child education in Shomolu Local Government Area?

iii.      What are the impacts of early marriage on academic performance on girls-child educational attainment in Shomolu Local Government Area?

1.5    Research Hypotheses

1. There is no significant impact of child marriage on girl-child education.
2. Cultural beliefs will not have any significant impact on girl-child education.
3. There is no significant impact of early marriage on academic performance of girl-child education.

1.6    Significance of the Study

Girls would benefit from this study by learning that education is the only key to achieving greater goals in life, and this will help them in correcting the entire imbalance that had existed in girls’ education.

Parents would benefit a great deal in this study by getting to learn that women education is never a Waste, and that if you educate a man, you educate an individual but if you educate a women you educate a family (i.e a nation), and this will help change their attitudes and ignorance towards girls’ education.

Government both the federal, state and local levels would benefit greatly from this study by realizing that funds, higher access to education, poverty alleviation programs should be made available for girls’ education in all levels.

Educators, educational planners, the general public would benefit very well from this study by learning that girls are in no way inferior to men, they would also benefit by learning how to educate, guide and counsel girls in carriers, choices of educational courses.

1.7    Scope of the Study

This study focuses on the impact of early marriage on the educational attainment of youths in Shomolu Local Government Area, Nigeria.

1.8    Operational Definitions of Terms

Early Marriage: Child marriage refers to any marriage of a child younger than 18 years old, in accordance to Article of the Convention on the Right of the Child. While child marriage can happen to both sexes, it disproportionately affects girls.

Girl Child: The girl-child is a biological female offspring from birth to 18 years of age. During this period, the young girl is totally under the care of the adult who may be parents, guardians or elder siblings.

Poverty: Poverty is general scarcity, dearth, or the state of one who lacks a certain amount of material possessions or money. It is a multifaceted concept, which includes social, economic, and political elements. Poverty may be defined as either absolute or relative.

Education: Education is the process of facilitating learning, or the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and habits. Educational methods include storytelling, discussion, teaching, training, and directed research.

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Full Project – THE EFFECTS GIRL CHILD EARLY MARRIAGE ON EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT