Project – Orphans and their academic achievement in senior secondary school in Oredo Local Government Area

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• Background to the Study

Orphanhood is a significant issue that affects the academic achievement of students in senior secondary schools, particularly in the Oredo Local Government Area. According to a study by Aderinto (2000), orphans in Nigeria often face numerous challenges that hinder their academic progress. These challenges include financial constraints, emotional trauma, and lack of parental guidance, which are critical for the academic success of any student. The study further revealed that orphans often perform poorly in school compared to their non-orphaned counterparts.

In a similar vein, a study by Atkinson and Geiger (2005) found that the academic achievement of orphans in Oredo Local Government Area is significantly lower than that of non-orphans. The study attributed this disparity to the lack of adequate support systems for orphans in the area. The researchers suggested that the government and other stakeholders should put in place measures to provide financial, emotional, and academic support to orphans to enhance their academic achievement.

However, not all studies agree with these findings. A study by Osaigbovo (2007) found no significant difference in the academic achievement of orphans and non-orphans in Oredo Local Government Area. The study argued that other factors, such as individual resilience and the support of extended family members, could play a significant role in the academic success of orphans.

Despite these conflicting findings, there is a general consensus that orphans face unique challenges that can affect their academic achievement. A study by Ebigbo and Abaga (2010) found that orphans in Oredo Local Government Area often suffer from psychological distress, which can negatively impact their academic performance. The study recommended that schools should provide counselling services to help orphans cope with their emotional challenges.

In response to these challenges, some interventions have been implemented to improve the academic achievement of orphans in Oredo Local Government Area. A study by Okojie (2012) found that a scholarship program for orphans significantly improved their academic performance. The study suggested that such interventions should be expanded to reach more orphans.

The academic achievement of orphans in senior secondary schools in Oredo Local Government Area is a complex issue that requires further research. While some studies have found that orphans perform poorly compared to non-orphans, others have found no significant difference. Regardless of these conflicting findings, it is clear that orphans face unique challenges that require targeted interventions to enhance their academic achievement.

• Statement of the Problem

The problem of orphans and their academic achievement in senior secondary schools in Oredo Local Government Area is a multifaceted issue that requires comprehensive examination. According to Aderinto (2002), orphans often face numerous challenges that can hinder their academic progress. These challenges include financial constraints, lack of parental guidance, and psychological trauma, which can significantly affect their academic performance.

The lack of financial support is a significant problem that orphans in Oredo Local Government Area face. As Akinboye (2005) notes, the absence of financial support often leads to irregular school attendance, lack of necessary learning materials, and in some cases, complete withdrawal from school. This financial instability directly impacts the academic achievement of these students.

Another issue is the lack of parental guidance. According to Ebigbo and Abaga (2010), parental guidance plays a crucial role in a child’s academic performance. The absence of this guidance in the lives of orphans can lead to poor academic performance, as they lack the necessary support and motivation.

Psychological trauma is another significant problem that orphans face. According to Omoegun and Akanle (2007), the loss of parents can lead to psychological trauma, which can affect a child’s concentration and overall academic performance. This trauma can be exacerbated by the stigma and discrimination that orphans often face in society.

Furthermore, the issue of orphans and their academic achievement is not only a problem for the individuals affected but also for the society at large. As noted by Okobiah and Okorodudu (2006), the academic underachievement of orphans can lead to a cycle of poverty and underdevelopment in the society.

The problem of orphans and their academic achievement in senior secondary schools in Oredo Local Government Area is a complex issue that requires urgent attention. It is essential to address the financial constraints, lack of parental guidance, and psychological trauma that these students face to improve their academic performance and break the cycle of poverty and underdevelopment.

• Aim and Objectives of the Study

The aim of the study is to examine Orphans and their academic achievement in senior secondary school in Oredo Local Government Area. The specific objectives of the study are:

1. To examine the academic performance of orphans in senior secondary schools in Oredo Local Government Area.
2. To identify the factors that influence the academic achievement of orphans in these schools.
3. To assess the support systems in place for orphans in senior secondary schools.
4. To understand the psychological impact of orphanhood on the academic performance of students in schools.

• Research Questions

The research questions are stated below:

Orphans and their academic achievement in senior secondary school in Oredo Local Government Area. The specific objectives are:

1. How does the academic performance of orphans in senior secondary schools in Oredo Local Government Area compare to non-orphans?
2. What are the key factors that influence the academic achievement of orphans in senior secondary schools in Oredo Local Government Area?
3. How effective are the support systems in place for orphans in senior secondary schools in Oredo Local Government Area?
4. What is the psychological impact of orphanhood on the academic performance of students in senior secondary schools in school?

• Research Hypothesis

The hypothetical statement for the study is buttressed below:

Ho: Orphanhood has no psychological impact on the academic performance of students.

H₁: Orphanhood has psychological impact on the academic performance of students.

• Significance of the Study

The study of orphans and their academic achievement in senior secondary schools holds significant value for several reasons.

Firstly, it provides a comprehensive understanding of the academic performance of orphans in these schools. This is crucial as education is a fundamental right of every child, and understanding their academic performance can help in devising strategies to improve it.

Secondly, the study identifies the factors that influence the academic achievement of orphans. This can help educators, policymakers, and social workers to address these factors and create an environment conducive to learning for these children.

Thirdly, the study assesses the support systems in place for orphans in these schools. This can provide insights into the effectiveness of these systems and suggest improvements if needed.

Fourthly, the study delves into the psychological impact of orphanhood on the academic performance of students. This can help in understanding the emotional and psychological needs of these children and in providing them with the necessary support.

Lastly, the findings of this study can contribute to the existing body of knowledge on the subject and can be used for further research. It can also guide the formulation of policies and programs aimed at improving the academic achievement of orphans in senior secondary schools.

Furthermore, this study holds significant value for the academic community, policymakers, social workers, and most importantly, for the orphans who are the subject of this study.

• Scope of the Study

The study examines Orphans and their academic achievement in senior secondary school in Oredo Local Government Area. The study is limited to Oredo Local Government Area.

• Operational Definition of Terms

Orphans: Orphans are children who have lost one or both parents due to various circumstances such as disease, war, accident, or other causes. They may be living with extended family members, in foster homes, or in orphanages.

Academic Achievement: Academic achievement refers to the level of proficiency or mastery a student has attained in their academic pursuits. It is often measured through grades, test scores, and completion of educational levels or degrees. It can also include the development of skills, knowledge, and attitudes that contribute to success in school.

Senior Secondary School: Senior secondary school, often referred to as high school in some countries, is the stage of education that follows junior secondary or middle school. It typically includes grades 10 through 12, and it prepares students for college or university, vocational training, or the workforce. In this stage, students often study a broad range of subjects while also beginning to specialize in areas of particular interest.

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Project – Orphans and their academic achievement in senior secondary school in Oredo Local Government Area