Full Project – Design and implementation of a geospatial database for hotel locations

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CHAPTER ONE

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Geospatial data is data about objects, events, or phenomena that have a location on the surface of the earth. The location may be static in the short-term (such as the location of a road, an earthquake event, children living in poverty), or dynamic (e.g., a moving vehicle or pedestrian, the spread of an infectious disease). Geospatial data combines location information (usually coordinates on the earth), attribute information (the characteristics of the object, event, or phenomena concerned), and often also temporal information (the time or life span at which the location and attributes exist). Much geospatial data is of general interest to a wide range of users. For this reason, whether collected by public or private organizations, large amounts of geospatial data are available as open data. This means that it can be accessed freely by users, and is made available through open standards. The development and use of open standards within the geospatial community have been heavily supported because of the wide range of uses to which geospatial data can be applied, and because of the large numbers of agencies both globally and locally that are involved in collecting such data.

With the ongoing penetration of the Internet and mobile technologies into all aspects of our lives, the number of online users is growing rapidly. As a result, consumer behavior is changing towards the use of online hotel bookings and shopping, which provides such benefits as product and price comparisons, ease of use, speed of purchase transaction, and trust Park et al., (2003). This trend is especially noticeable in the travel domain. More and more online travel websites have been merging, including hotel advertisements and websites that aggregate information about hotel room rates around the world Kim and Kim, (2004).

The advantage of travel aggregates, which are also referred to as travel intermediates or brokers is that they allow customers to simultaneously gather information about many hotels at their travel destination. Thus, the user can compare prices easily rather than having to search for single information about individual hotels and having to visit each hotel’s website. The competition between travel intermediates is very intense and there are many risk factors that can degrade revenues such as the quality of the website and Geospatial Database (ease of use, visual attractiveness, data reliability, authenticity and data integrity) ander Heijden (2004) the speed of execution, the level of user satisfaction Flavian (2006), the lack of innovative tools and services, and the level of professionalism of their employees. However, the most important factor is the ability to contract with different travel suppliers. This factor is characterized by two underlying issues: contracting with as many travel suppliers as possible and concluding profitable contracts. While the first issue is mostly organizational, the second issue is related to the personal ability of contract managers to conclude contracts and their comprehensive knowledge of the travel business. This knowledge, however, is defendant on the strategic information available about a specific travel supplier and his or her products. In reality, strategic decisions are reached using a limited amount of information due to the inability to acquire and process sufficient information in a sufficiently short time. With this in mind, we aim in this paper to improve the decision-making capability, sufficient and efficient use the of hotels brokers by introducing a Geospatial Database for hotel.

Our decision support system enables the broker to objectively estimate hotel room rates based on the intrinsic and location characteristics as well as historic room rates of a given hotel or hotels with similar characteristics. The analysis of product prices and factors that influence the price has been widely used in finance, economics and real estate property assessments since Rosen (Rosen and Hedonic, 2004) formulated the property of price as the weighted sum of the different characteristics composing the product. In the hedonic pricing model (usually analyzed by linear regression) that he proposed, independent variables are the product characteristics relevant for the analysis, while the price serves as a dependent variable. Therefore, by finding the hotels with the same characteristics that affect hotel prices, it will be possible to compare room rates between similar hotels.

Hotel management system plays a pivotal role in delivering hospitality to guests. It sets the stage for a pleasant or an unpleasant visit. Guests, often in an unfamiliar setting and wanting to proceed with their business or vacation plans, are eager to learn the who, what, when, where, and how of their new environment Shumila,(2009). Requests for information often begin with the porter, bellhop, front desk clerk, cashier, or concierge, because these employees are the most visible to the guest and are perceived to be the most knowledgeable. These employees are believed to have their finger on the pulse of the organization and the community. Their responses to guests’ requests for information on public transportation, location of hotel facilities, special events in the community, and the like indicate how well the hotel has prepared them for this important role. Front office managers must take an active part in gathering information that will be of interest to guests. They must also be active in developing procedures for the front office to disburse this information Titus, (2010).

One of the major aspects of front desk management is reservation. According to Wikipedia (2012) a hotel reservation system also known as automated hotel reservation system is a computerized system used to store and retrieve information and conduct transactions related to reservation or booking. Originally it was only applied by airlines but now automated reservation systems have extended to hotels and travel agencies. For hotels, an automated front desk management system is an assistance to manage marketing and sales. Rates and availabilities can be seen by all sales channels that are using the system from a server and this is why it is sometimes called central reservation system. Automated front desk management system enables hotel managers to control and monitor front desk operations Rivanus, (2001).

With due consideration to the numerous benefits offered by the computer system and the internet, it is imperative that business organizations such as hotel industries take advantage of the computer system and internet so as to reach more clients, gain more patronage and to be known globally. With dynamism in the information technology world, it is important that customers are offered convenient and accessible services to enable them stay at edge among other competitors that are also taking advantage of information technology to enhance their business operations. It is in view of this need to digitize hotel operations that this research study is carried out to develop a front desk management solution Shumila (2009).

In this research, I would discuss the ways in which geospatial reasoning has been applied to open data. We define geospatial reasoning as both reasoning about the location of objects on the earth (e.g., relating to inference of spatial relationships) and reasoning about geospatial data (e.g., relating to the attributes of data that is geospatial in nature). We begin by describing specific aspects of the open geospatial data environment as background, and then we discuss a number of different types of reasoning that have been applied to geospatial data, including classical reasoning and probabilistic, fuzzy, rough, and heuristic reasoning approaches.

1.2     STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

There are so many problems faced by many hotel industries, ranging from low patronage to poor record keeping methods. The front desk managers do not have an effective system to co-ordinate the operations of its different units. The manual system of leaving information in a booklet is still being used and this limits the way information is retrieved. Management cannot get relevant information of customers without the booklet. This constitutes a serious problem to management because information is not handy. In addition, the front desk is the most vital aspect of every hotel and there are usually multiple errors in the way billing and other customer records are computed and handled. These problems and many more constitutes the reason this research work is carried out.

1.3     AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The aim of the study is to develop a Geospatial database system that combines hotels location information (usually coordinates on the earth), and hotels attribute information (the characteristics of the object, event, or phenomena concerned).

The following are the objectives of the study

1. Present the role of geospatial database system for hotel management in interdepartmental communication in hotel industry.
2. Provide information about how geospatial database systems are adopted to manage hotel by using a web based application system for accessibility.

• To help ease hotel discovery through easy discovery.

1.4     SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This study covers the development of geospatial database system for hotel management system solution for Yenagoa Metropolis. It covers only the activities of geospatial database system for hotel management.

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The significance of the study is that it will provide a more efficient method of data recording for hotel operations, it will provide solution to the problems facing the Database management of hotels, and it will bring to light the sole responsibilities of hotel managers. The study will also serve as a useful resource material to other researchers seeking for information on the subject of geospatial database system for hotel management.

1.6     ORGANIZATION OF THE RESEARCH

This research work is organized into five chapters. Chapter one is concerned with the introduction of the research study and it presents the preliminaries, theoretical background, statement of the problem, aim and objectives of the study, significance of the study, scope of the study, organization of the research and definition of terms, Chapter two focuses on the literature review, the contributions of other scholars on the subject matter were discussed, Chapter three is concerned with the system analysis and design. It analyzes the present system to identify the problems and provides information on the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed system. The system design is also presented in this chapter; Chapter four presents the system implementation and documentation. The choice of programming language, analysis of modules, choice of programming language and system requirements for implementation, Chapter five focuses on the summary, conclusion and recommendations are provided in this chapter based on the study carried out.

1.7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The study was limited to only geospatial database system for hotel management and by several other factors, of which some posed serious constraints towards the development of the project. One of the major drawbacks was due to mobility to hotels in Yenagoa Metropolis.

1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Booking: An arrangement by which something such as theatre seat or hotel room is kept for somebody’s use at a specific time.

Hotel: A building or commercial establishment where people pay for lodging, and where meals and other facilities such as conference rooms are often available.

Management:  The organizing and controlling of the affairs of a business or a sector of a business.

Reservation: Arrangement made beforehand, an advance booking.

Location: A point or area pinned to an axis usually used to get precise direction to a known destination.

Database: A medium or a storage facility used for storing and retrieving data.

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Full Project – Design and implementation of a geospatial database for hotel locations