Full Project – A mobile-based fuzzy expert system for breast cancer growth prognosis

Full Project – A mobile-based fuzzy expert system for breast cancer growth prognosis

Click here to Get this Complete Project Chapter 1-5

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

 

1.1       Background to the Study

Information and Communication Technology (ICT), specifically mobile health (mHealth), can play a key role in enhancing and enabling health care systems, when linked to specific needs. The initiation of various types of mobile portable computer devices – smartphones, private digitally powered assistants, and tablet systems has influenced an appreciated positive impact in many works of life which includes the health sector. This has been influenced by the increasing excellence and availability of application software in the health sector, (Aungst, 2013).  These softwares are set of instructions that have been written in a particular programming language to run on a moveable portable aid or on a computer system to achieve a particular purpose, (Wallace, Clark & White, 2012). In recent development faster processors and improved memory in the analysis of complex data in the health sector have paved the way for diverse medical mobile expert systems. These systems are either individualised or used by medical expert (Ozdalga, Ozdalga & Ahuja, 2012). These portable application systems are designed to supplement the experts work in order to deliver a resource that will advance the results for private health monitoring and at the point of care (Aungst, 2013).  There are existing medical expert system models and health calculators which include Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium (BCSC) Risk Calculator (for breast cancer risk calculation), the Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool (the Gail model) often used by health care providers to estimate risk, MedCalc. These models did not explore detail risk factors for breast cancer growth, and detail fuzzy rules were not explored as well. Most of the mobile health calculators for breast cancer prognosis are not user friendly. They are not readily available for personal use and are majorly used by the medical professionals in the the health care sectors.

World Health Organisation (WHO) in 2012 described cancer as a leading cause global deaths. In, 2008 cancer accounted for about 13% (7.6 million) deaths (WHO, 2017). There are divergent views on the exact cause of breast cancer. Though, knowing an individual risk factors and preventing the growth of the malignant (breast cancer) could be a preferred approach to tackling this disease because most research works that have developed models for prognosis and diagnosis have not actually reduced the death rate (Global Cancer Facts & Figures, 2015). This is because reviewed literatures have shown that the existing systems focused on diagnosing/prognosing the survivability and recurrence of the disease. By the time patients report at the hospital for diagnosis, the tumour has grown to the metastatic stage where survival is almost impossible.

Majority of the models applied in medical field are naturally unclear. As a result of the unclear (fuzzy) nature of medical data and models as well as the relationships that exist in the models, fuzzy logic technique is suitable for medical applications. Fuzzy logic (an aspect of soft computing) proposes approaches of result production that have the capability of estimated representation of decisions. As a result of the difficulty in medical exercise, the old-style numerical study methods are not satisfactory and may not be suitable. The utmost causes of ambiguity are as follows:

  1. Incomplete data about an individual: either from patient or family members
  2. Often time, the patient’s state of health account is provided by the individual, or by the family member. These data to a large extent are subjective and ambiguous.
  3. The well being check-up: Often time, medical practitioners get impartial facts
  4. Laboratory test and prognosis results may also be subject to various mistakes.
  5. The delinquency of patient’s preceding health status check-up can also cause error in the test report.
  6. Symptoms might be faked or overstated more/fewer than they truly appear.
  7. Patients are likely to neglect some of the symptoms.
  8. Some symptoms might be indescribable by patients

Hence, fuzzy logic a soft computing methodology has the capability to reduce uncertainty in decision making in medical field.

1.2     Statement of the Problem

The most recurrent and second leading cause of death in women is breast cancer. The inadequacies of the existing methods, such as Mammography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Self-examination and others, account for the breast cancer high mortality. The shortcomings of the existing models include:

  1. Late discovery of the cancerous germs – these methods only detect breast cancer at the metastatic stage. (the tumour has grown and spread to other parts of the body);
  2. Existing models cause patients pains and related inconvenience which dissuade women from voluntary screening. Thus, most people do not report cases of breast cancer until it has got to the third stage and stack the odd of survival against the patient.
  3. Imprecise diagnosis because it involves several layers of uncertainty. These shortcomings make the traditional approaches inappropriate.

Thousands of people fall victim to breast cancer every year due to limitation of medical services and the inability to use the existing services effectively. Late presentation of cases at advanced stages when little or no benefit can be derived from any form of therapy is the hallmark of breast cancer among Nigerian women. The available breast cancer calculators are only focused on survivability and re-occurence and also not safe because individuals do not know where their personal data is being saved. To curtail the worsening incidence of breast cancer deaths, a Mobile-based Fuzzy Expert System (MFES) for breast cancer pre-growth prognosis that would obviate the inadequacies of the existing models, encourage voluntary personal screening and more importantly, detect the risk of developing breast cancer is designed. Pre growth prognosis of a disease like breast cancer is very crucial to a successful reduction of death rate caused by the disease. This research weaved its solution/prognosis intervention around a nature motivated method that is biologically inspired. This method would be able to detect the risk of early developments and proffered likely solutions thereby reducing the consequence of ignorance which may lead to death.

 

 

1.3       Objective of the Study

The general objective of this study work is to design and implement a Mobile-based Fuzzy Expert System (MFES) for breast cancer pre-growth prognosis. The fuzzy expert system would be capable of capturing ambiguous and imprecise information prevalent in breast cancer prognosis. The specific objectives are to:

  1. determine the range values  for the Membership Function (Breast Cancer Risk factors) using experts rating for the indicators for fuzzification;
  2. formulate the membership functions using information in (1);
  3. design a MFES for breast cancer pre-growth prognosis and
  4. implement and carry out performance evaluation of the developed mobile based fuzzy expert system using  in comparison existing fuzzy logic models.

 

1.4       Methodology

In order to achieve the stated objectives, the following approaches were considered:

  1. Upper and lower values were determined from the values (facts) collected from the domain experts to determine the membership functions.
  2. Membership functions for all the risk factors were formulated, using the values in (1).
  3. The rules for all the risk factors were formulated.
  4. Java expert system shell (JESS) was used to develop the MFES, using the informations in (1), (2) and (3) and this runs on Android systems.
  5. The MFES performance evaluation was carried out using data from healthy people and those already diagnosed with the disease and also in comparison with existing fuzzy logic models

 

  • Justification for the Study

The inadequacy of existing methods to identify breast cancer at the early stage and late presentation is the hallmark in breast cancer issue. Based on the nature of the disease (breast cancer), a nature inspired methodology became the best approach to handle the short comings of  existing models. Further review of existing literatures on softcomputing approaches, revealed that researchers anchored their solutions on survivability and reoccurence of the disease. These approaches did not in no way reduce the death issues associated with the disease. Hence, this reasearch work proposes and designed a MFES for breast cancer pre growth prognosis. This system (MFES) using detailed risk factors and judiciously formulated membership functions and fuzzy rules could be capabale to pick the smallest information that initiates the growth of the disease. Recommendations are made to individuals on appropriate action(s) to take by the system.

 

1.6       Significance of the Study                                                                             

Despite the enomous research work on breast cancer, using fuzzy logic approaches death rate is still on the increase. These research works focus were majorly on survivabilty and recurrence of the disease which has not recorded reasonable  decrease in the global death rate caused by the disease. Hence, there is the strong reason to tackle this contemporary issue in a different approach that would reduce/eliminate the life threatening disease. The findings of this study would benefit the global society considering the global death rate caused by the disease (Breast Cancer).  Also considerating the great efficiency in the use of mobile system in recent time, this study is timely and relevant because breast cancer has become a serious contemporary issue. Global use of the designed MFES for breast cancer growth prognosis by females would reduce/eliminate this life threatening disease (breast cancer). The end users of the designed MFES ranges from teenagers to adults who have not been diagnosed of the disease in the global society. It is designed to run on widely used and existing personal mobile devices which runs on android operating system. This implies that it would be easily accessible at no extra cost.

 

1.7       Scope of the Study

Many research works have been carried out in breast cancer prognosis, but the incidence rate of breast cancer is still on the increase. The key issue here is on how to prevent the growth of breast cancer (tumour) and a user friendly system.

Having identified the gap (stated in chapter two) in other research work, this study covers pre growth  prognosis of  breast cancer using breast cancer risk factors to design  a mobile based  pre breast cancer growth prognosis – Fuzzy Expert System approach. The system is capable of capturing early enough ambiguous and imprecise information prevalent in the risk of developing breast cancer. The Mamdani fuzzy inference Model was adopted because this research work involves a number of fuzzy if-then rules, each of which describes the local behaviour of the mapping of each risk indicators (breast cancer risk factors). Java Expert System Shell (JESS) was used in the coding of the Mobile-based expert system which runs on Android personal devices. The Direct Rating method was used to elicit data (facts) from medical experts for the fuzzification stage of the model. Tumour sample data was not collected from the body of the individuals. Data was collected from both healthy people and those already diagnosed with the disease for the performance evaluation of the Mobile Expert System.

 

1.8       Operational Definition of Terms

Crisp Set: A collection of objects taken from the universe of objects.

Fuzzy: Refers to linguistic uncertainty.

Fuzzy Sets:  Allow objects to have membership in more than one set.

Fuzzy Statement: Describes the grade of a fuzzy variable with an expression

Fuzzy Logic Rule: Uses membership functions as variables.

Statement: A sentence which unambiguously either holds true or holds false.

Membership Function: Defines a fuzzy set by mapping crisp values from its domain to the sets associated degree of membership.

Universe of Discourse: Range of all possible values, or concepts, applicable to a system variable.

 

1.9       Biblical implication of disease        

Behind every health issue and every emotional or spiritual problem resides the “Spirit of Fear.” The Spirit of Fear is the Devil’s faith working in people by using lies to control them. And if we dwell on those lies long enough, we will begin to believe them, thus resulting in responding to them which can lead to all kinds of problems. We need to discover the root cause behind our problems. The things that we experience may be a manifestation of a root. But thank God, we have an advocate, Jesus Christ, who is our Saviour and the Truth that sets us free (Romans 7:24-25, 8:2). Many of the diseases are being used by God to bring to surface what is in our hearts. God does not give disease. The disease is the manifestation from a heart condition. Just as a fever is an indication that something is amiss in our bodies. These are warning signs. And we can either cooperate with God or deal with what was exposed. God already knows our heart; it’s no surprise what is there. We are the ones who are surprised by what is there. But as they come to the surface, don’t run, don’t hide in the bushes like Adam did Deal with it.(The Holy Bible, King James Version)

 

Get the Complete Project

This is a premium project material and the complete research project plus questionnaires and references can be gotten at an affordable rate of N3,000 for Nigerian clients and $8 for international clients.

Click here to Get this Complete Project Chapter 1-5

 

 

 

 

You can also check other Research Project here:

  1. Accounting Research Project
  2. Adult Education
  3. Agricultural Science
  4. Banking & Finance
  5. Biblical Theology & CRS
  6. Biblical Theology and CRS
  7. Biology Education
  8. Business Administration
  9. Computer Engineering Project
  10. Computer Science 2
  11. Criminology Research Project
  12. Early Childhood Education
  13. Economic Education
  14. Education Research Project
  15. Educational Administration and Planning Research Project
  16. English
  17. English Education
  18. Entrepreneurship
  19. Environmental Sciences Research Project
  20. Guidance and Counselling Research Project
  21. History Education
  22. Human Kinetics and Health Education
  23. Management
  24. Maritime and Transportation
  25. Marketing
  26. Marketing Research Project 2
  27. Mass Communication
  28. Mathematics Education
  29. Medical Biochemistry Project
  30. Organizational Behaviour

32    Other Projects pdf doc

  1. Political Science
  2. Psychology
  3. Public Administration
  4. Public Health Research Project
  5. More Research Project
  6. Transportation Management
  7. Nursing

Education

Essay 

 

 

Full Project – A mobile-based fuzzy expert system for breast cancer growth prognosis

Click here to Get The Complete Research Project Chapter 1-5


RESEARCH PROJECT CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE - INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
1.2 Statement of problem
1.3 Objective of the study
1.4 Research Hypotheses
1.5 Significance of the study
1.6 Scope and limitation of the study
1.7 Definition of terms
1.8 Organization of the study
CHAPETR TWO – LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Conceptual Framework
2.3. Theoretical Framework
2.4 Empirical Review
CHAPETR THREE - RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design
3.2 Study Area
3.3 Population of the Study
3.4 Sample Size and Sampling Technique
3.5 Instrument for Data Collection
3.6 Validity of the Instrument
3.7 Reliability of the Instrument
3.8 Method of Data Collection
3.9 Method of Data Analysis
3.9 Method of Data Analysis
3.10 Ethical Considerations
CHAPTER FOUR - DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
4.1. Introduction
4.2 Demographic Profiles of Respondents
4.2 Research Questions
4.3. Testing of Research Hypothesis
4.4 Discussion of Findings
CHAPTER FIVE – SUMMARY, CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Summary
5.3 Conclusion
5.4 Recommendation
REFERENCES
APPENDIX


Frequently Asked Questions | PenViewWriting.com

Frequently Asked Questions

How do I get my choice complete project on any topic?
To get your choice of complete project on any topic, simply click on the Download button above. Once you do that, follow the simple procedure stated on the page to complete the process. The steps are easy and straightforward, ensuring you can quickly access the full project without stress. You may be required to provide some basic details or confirm your selection before the download begins. After completing the procedure, the project will be available for you to save on your device. This method guarantees you receive the exact project topic you want in a complete, ready-to-use format.
I have a fresh topic that is not on your website. How do I go about it?
If you have a fresh topic that is not listed on our website, don’t worry—you can still get a complete and well-prepared research project. All you need to do is chat with us directly on WhatsApp or contact our Instant Help Desk. Once you share the details of your topic, our team of experts will guide you through the process and provide a custom-written research project tailored specifically to your requirements. This ensures that even if your topic is new, unique, or uncommon, you will still receive a high-quality, original project that meets your academic needs.
How fast can I get this complete project on any project topic?
You can get your complete project very quickly, depending on your needs. If you want this exact project topic without any adjustments or modifications, it will be ready for you to download within 15 minutes. The process is fast, simple, and convenient, ensuring you don’t waste time waiting. However, if you require some changes, customization, or a fresh project written from scratch, the delivery time may take a little longer, depending on the scope of work involved. Either way, we are committed to ensuring you get your complete project promptly to meet your academic deadlines.
Is it a complete research project or just materials?
It is a Complete Research Project, not just research materials or excerpts. This means you will receive everything you need in a standard academic project format. Specifically, the package includes Chapters 1 to 5, a well-written Abstract, a detailed Table of Contents, complete References, and where applicable, Questionnaires or Secondary Data. Each section is carefully structured to meet academic requirements, making it suitable for submission or further customization. So, when you download, you’re not just getting scattered notes but a fully developed research project that is ready for use, study, or adaptation to your specific academic needs.
What if I want to change the case study for this topic?
If you would like to change the case study for this topic, it’s very easy. Simply chat with our Instant Help Desk now via +234 708 7083 227, and you will get an immediate response. Our team will assist you in modifying the project to reflect the new case study of your choice. This ensures the content remains relevant and tailored to your academic requirements. Whether you want to switch to a different organization, location, or sample population, our experts will make the necessary adjustments promptly, so you still receive a complete and well-structured research project without any hassle.
How will I get my complete project?
Your Complete Project Material will be delivered directly to your email address for easy access and use. The file will be sent in Microsoft Word document format (MS Word), which allows you to easily read, edit, and customize the content to suit your specific requirements. This format is widely accepted for academic work and ensures you can make adjustments such as changing the case study, updating references, or adding personal inputs if needed. Once the project is sent, you can download it to your device immediately and begin working with it without any extra steps or complications.
Can I get my Complete Project through WhatsApp?
Yes! You can also receive your Complete Research Project directly through your WhatsApp number for convenience. Once your project is ready, we can send the full material in MS Word format straight to your WhatsApp, making it quick and easy for you to download and access on your phone or computer. This option is especially helpful if you prefer instant delivery, faster communication, or easier access on mobile devices. Whether through email or WhatsApp, you will still get the same complete project—including all chapters, abstract, references, and questionnaires where applicable—delivered securely and without delay.
What if my Project Supervisor made some changes to a topic I picked from your website?
If your project supervisor has made some changes to the topic you picked from our website, there is no need to worry. Simply call our Instant Help Desk now on +234 708 7083 227, and you will get an immediate response. Our team will assist you in adjusting the project to reflect your supervisor’s corrections or modifications. Whether it involves rephrasing the topic, changing the case study, or adding specific requirements, we will make the necessary updates quickly. This ensures your project aligns perfectly with your supervisor’s expectations while still maintaining a complete, high-quality research structure.
Do you assist students with Assignment and Project Proposal?
Yes! We also assist students with Assignments and Project Proposals in addition to complete research projects. If you need help with writing, structuring, or editing your proposal or assignment, our team is ready to guide you and provide the necessary materials. Simply call our Instant Help Desk now on +234 708 7083 227, and you will be attended to immediately. We provide professional support to ensure your work meets academic standards, whether it’s a proposal for approval, a class assignment, or a full project. This way, you can save time, reduce stress, and achieve excellent results.
What if I do not have any project topic idea at all?
Smiles! 😊 We’ve totally got you covered if you don’t have any project topic idea at all. Our team specializes in helping students brainstorm and select suitable topics that align with their field of study, interests, and academic requirements. All you need to do is chat with us on WhatsApp now via +234 708 7083 227 to get instant help. We will provide you with a list of well-researched, relevant, and trending project topics to choose from. Once you make your choice, we’ll guide you through the next steps, ensuring you get a complete project tailored just for you.
How can I trust this site?
You can trust this site because we are genuine and duly registered with the Corporate Affairs Commission (CAC), which gives you confidence that we are a recognized and legitimate business. In addition, our platform is protected with Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) encryption, meaning all your personal details, communications, and financial transactions are highly secure and safe from unauthorized access. Over the years, we have successfully assisted thousands of students with research projects, proposals, and assignments, building a solid track record of reliability. With these measures in place, you can be assured of our credibility, professionalism, and commitment to your academic success.
Customer Testimonials | Https://researchprojecttopics.com.ng

Our Customers are Happy

Ademola A.

★★★★★

I was skeptical at first, but after placing my order, my full project arrived in my email in under 15 minutes! The process was smooth, clear, and professional. Truly amazing service!

Kwabena K.

★★★★★

I needed a custom project on a new topic. researchprojecttopics.com.ng delivered within 3 days, and the quality was outstanding. They even guided me on how to defend it. Highly recommend!

Michael H.

★★★★★

Fast, reliable, and very professional. My research project was delivered on time, with no hidden charges. The team is trustworthy and supportive.

Fatou B.

★★★★★

I got my full project in minutes and my custom request within 3 days. Their communication is clear, and the material is top-notch. Excellent experience!

James O.

★★★★★

https://researchprojecttopics.com.ng is a lifesaver! My project was delivered exactly as requested. The team is friendly, professional, and highly responsive. Very satisfied!

Ngozi E.

★★★★★

I was worried about paying online, but the team reassured me and delivered my complete project instantly. Transparent and professional service!

Ama S.

★★★★★

I requested a custom topic project and received it in just 3 days. The guidance and quality were excellent. I recommend Https://researchprojecttopics.com.ng to everyone!

Sarah W.

★★★★★

The service is dependable and efficient. My project arrived on time, and every step was transparent. Truly a professional service I trust.

Emmanuel T.

★★★★★

Fast and reliable. My full project was delivered in minutes, and the custom project in 3 days. Communication was excellent throughout.

Aisha N.

★★★★★

Extremely satisfied with the service. My project was delivered promptly, fully transparent, and of high quality. A trustworthy academic partner!