Home
Full Project – ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS FROM STEM BARK EXTRACT OF Uapaca pilosa Hutch

Full Project – ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS FROM STEM BARK EXTRACT OF Uapaca pilosa Hutch

Chemistry
WhatsApp or SMS: 07087083227
Click here to Get The Complete Research Project Chapter 1-5

Full Project – ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS FROM STEM BARK EXTRACT OF Uapaca pilosa Hutch

Click here to Get this Complete Project Chapter 1-5

ABSTRACT

Uapaca pilosa(Hutch.) a plant used in some parts of Africa in the treatment of dysentery, menstrual pain, fever, constipation, erectile dysfunction, skin infections, female sterility, pile, rheumatism, emetic, tooth-troubles and fatigue. The dried plant was extracted, the extract was subjected to phytochemical investigation using standard method revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, anthraquinones, tannins, saponins, steroids, terpenoids and glycosides. Extensive silica gel column chromatography of the ethyl acetate fraction of the stem bark extract, the most active of all the fractions, led to the isolation of two compounds GF1 and GF2. Their identities were determined by analysis of their spectral data using FTIR, 1D and 2D NMR. The structures of the compounds were supported by comparing their spectral data with the literature. GF1 was found to be betulin while GF2 was found to be beta-sitosterol. The antimicrobial screening of the crude extract and fractions using agar well diffusion method showed activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella dysenteriae, Salmonella typhi, Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. The Zone of Inhibition of the plant extract against selected microorganisms ranges from 13mm to 17mm against Staphylococcus aureus, 10mm to 14mm against Bacillus subtilis, 12mm to 15mm against Shigella dysenteriae, 15mm to 18mm against Escherichia coli and 10mm to 11mm against Salmonella typhi. The MIC and MBC for the extract, fractions and isolated compounds were also determined. The range of Minimum Inhibitory concentration is between 6.25 mg/mL to 25 mg/mL for Staphylococcus aureus, 25 mg/mL for Shigella dysenteriae, 6.25 mg/mL for Bacillus subtilis and 12.50 mg/mL for Escherichia coli while the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration range between 12.50 mg/mL for Staphylococcus aureus, 50 mg/mL for Shigella dysenteriae, 12.50 mg/mL for Bacillus subtilis and 25 mg/mL for Escherichia coli. This study on the stem bark extract from Uapaca pilosa, used traditionally in some parts of Africa as a medicinal plant for the treatment of various ailments has confirmed that it has antimicrobial activity against the microbes that cause some of these diseases.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page

Abstract

Table of Contents

CHAPTER ONE

1.0       INTRODUCTION

1.1       Statement of the Research Problem

1.2       Aim of the Research

1.3       Objectives of the Research

1.4       Justification of the Research

CHAPTER TWO

2.0       LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1       The Euphorbiaceae Family

2.2       The Uapaca genus

2.3       Uapaca pilosa

2.4       Taxonomy of the Plant

2.5       Traditional Uses of Uapaca pilosa

2.6       Medicinal Importance of Other Uapaca Species

2.7       Some Compounds Isolated from Uapaca Species

2.8       Some Compounds Isolated from Euphorbiaceae Family

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1.0    Materials

3.1.1    Equipment

3.1.2 Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)

3.2.0    Methods

3.2.1    Extraction of Plant Material.

3.2.2    Preliminary Phytochemical Screening

3.2.2.1. Test for Reducing Sugars (Molisch’s test)

3.2.2.2 Test for Tannins (Ferric Chloride test)

3.2.2.3 Test for Flavonoids (Shinoda test).

3.2.2.3.1 Magnesium Chips test

3.2.2.3.2 Sodium Hydroxide test

3.2.2.4 Test for Anthraquinones

3.2.2.4.1 Free Anthraquinones

3.2.2.4.2 Combined Anthraquinones

3.2.2.5 Test for Saponins (Frothing test)

3.2.2.6 Test for Glycoside (FeCl3 test)

3.2.2.7 Test for cardiac glycosides (keller-killani test)

3.2.2.8 Test for Steroids/Triterpenes

3.2.2.8.1 Liebermann-Burchard test

3.2.2.8.2 Salkowski test

3.2.2.9. Test for Alkaloids

3.2.3.0 Antimicrobial Studies of Extracts and Isolated components

3.2.3.1 Preparation of the Plants Extracts for antimicrobial screening

3.2.3.2 Preparation of culture media

3.2.3.3 Susceptibility Test

3.2.3.4 Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)

3.2.3.5 Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC)

3.2.3.6 Minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC)

3.3.0 Column Chromatography

3.3.1 Chromatographic Separation

3.3.1.1 Column Chromatography of ethyl acetate Fraction of Uapaca pilosa

3.3.1.2 Preparative Thin Layer Chromatography of the Sub-fractions (SF1 and SF2)

3.4 Melting Point Determination

3.5 Spectral Analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 RESULTS

4.1 Result of Extraction of the Stembark of Uapaca pilosa

4.2. Result of Phytochemical screening

4.3       Result of antimicrobial activity of the plant extracts

4.4       Result of Chromatographic Separation

4.5       Column Chromatography of Ethyl acetate fraction

4.6       Thin Layer Chromatography Analysis of Isolated Compounds

4.7       Result of Thin layer Chromatography analyses of GF1 and GF2

4.9       Spectroscopic Analyses of GF1 and GF2

4.10     Antibacterial Activity of Isolated Compounds

4.10.1 Antimicrobial Activity of GF1 and GF2

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0       DISCUSSION

5.1       Extraction of the stem bark of Uapaca pilosa

5.2       Phytochemical Screening of the Stem bark of Uapaca pilosa

5.3       Antimicrobial Screening of Stem bark of Uapaca pilosa

5.4       Isolation, Purification and Characterisation of Isolates from Uapaca pilosa

5.4.1 Isolation and Characterisation of GF1

5.4.2 Isolation and Characterisation of GF2

CHAPTER SIX

6.0       SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS70

6.1       Summary

6.2       Conclusion

6.3       Recommendation

References

CHAPTER ONE

  • INTRODUCTION

Over the years the world traditional medicine has been known to take its source from higher plants and their extracts in the treatment of diseases and infections (Sofowora, 1983). Until 19th century, when the development of chemistry and synthetic organic chemistry started, medicinal plants were the sources of active materials used in healing and curing human diseases. Before the advent of modern methods of producing drugs, medicinal plants such as Allium sativum, Azadirachta indica and Citrus limonum were used in treating both malaria and typhoid fever. Also some plant leaves were used in treating skin rashes and to heal wounds. Likewise, modern pharmaceuticals rely heavily on these medicinal plants for their raw materials such as cocoa leaves and opium plant from papaver species for analgesics. The active principles of plants differ from one plant to another due to the diversity in biological activities (Sofowora, 1983; Kubmarawa et al., 2007; Krishnaiah et al., 2009).

Traditional medicinal practice has been established for centuries in many parts of the world. Numerous plants and herbs are used globally by traditional medicine practitioners. The practice is known to vary from one country to another (Sofowora, 1984). Extracts from the various plant parts (leaves, stem bark and roots) of various higher plants are used in herbal medicine production (Sofowora, 1983, 1984, 1993). Plants` extracts are given singly or as concoctions for the treatment of various ailments. In actual sense more than 75% of the world population depend on these various forms of concoctions and herbal decoctions for the treatment of infections (Robinson and Zhang, 2011). Phytochemical constituents are the basic raw materials source for the establishment of pharmaceutical industries (Mothana and Lindequist, 2005; Wojdylo et al., 2007). The constituents present in the plant play vital roles in the crude drugs identity. Phytochemical screening is very important in identifying new sources of therapeutically and pharmacologically important compounds like alkaloids, anthraquinones, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, saponins, steroids, tannins and terpenoids (Akindele and Adeyemi, 2007).

Some plants such as Aloe vera, Allium sativum, Maranta arundinacea, Pimpinella anisum and Arnica montana widely distributed in Africa, Asia and Southern part of North America have been reported to be the basis of treatment in human diseases and also as useful components in the development of new active components (Boudreau and Beland, 2006; Bunyapraphatsara et al., 1996; Allan et al., 1995). The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 80 % of the world’s population relies mainly on herbal medicine for primary healthcare (Hong et al., 2010). In China, traditional medicine is largely based on around 5000 plants which were used in treating 40 % of urban patients and 90 % of rural patients (Abdel-Azim et al., 2011). In industrialized countries, plants have contributed more than 7000 compounds used in the pharmaceutical industries including ingredients in heart drugs, laxatives, anti-cancer agents, hormones, contraceptives, diuretics, antibiotics, decongestants, analgesics, ulcer treatments and anti-parasitic compounds (Simo, 2012). About 25 % of all prescription drugs dispensed by Western pharmacists is likely to contain ingredients derived from plants (Simo, 2012). These include: Laevo Dopamine from tropical legume Mucuna deeringiana, used for treating Parkinson disease (dos Santos et al., 2012). Picrotoxin derived from Anamirta cocculus, a tropical climbing plant from south East Asia, is used as a nervous system stimulant and in cases of barbiturate poisoning (Abebe and Haramaya, 2013). Reserpine, extracted from the root of the serpent-root, Rauwolfia serpentina, is used for lowering blood pressure, as a tranquilizer and in India as a remedy for snake bites (Unnikrishnan, 2004). Eucalyptol obtained from species of eucalyptus, is a well-known antiseptic used in throat medicines, cough syrups, ointments, liniments, as inhalant for bronchitis and asthma. Eucalyptus is used throughout the world and is regarded as a universally available product (Eschler et al., 2000). Cultivation has replaced wild collection for the supply of some essential drugs used in modern medicine. The Madagascar rosy periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus) is widely cultivated in Spain and Texas for its alkaloids vinblastine and vincristine, which are used for treating childhood leukaemia and hodgkin disease (Bauer et al., 1996).

The best known example is probably aspirin, chemically related to a compound that was first extracted from the leaves and bark of willow tree, Salix alba and a herb meadow sweet, Filipendula malaria. The anti-malarial drug quinine, extracted from the bark of a South American tree, Cinchona ledgeriana, was first brought to Europe (where malaria was widespread) in early 17th century by Jesuit priests (Fruhstorfer et al, 2001). It was once remarked that Oliver Cromwell died of malaria because he refused to be treated with a “Jesuit” medicine. Synthetic guanine has now been developed for drug use, but the bark is still in use to treat certain heart arrhythmias and commercially sold as a bitter flavouring agent well known in tonic water (Fruhstorfer et al, 2001).

Also, the bark of yohimbe, Pausinystalia yohimbe is used extensively in traditional healthcare system in West Africa (Robber and Tyler, 1999).

  • Statement of the Research Problem

About half of the number of death recorded in the tropical countries are largely due to infectious diseases (Iwu et al., 1999). This can be linked to the increasing bacterial resistance to antibacterial drugs (Ojiako, 2014). Hence there is need to develop a more convenient and very active therapeutic antimicrobial agents.

  • Aim of the Research

The aim of this research work is to isolate and characterise bioactive components present in the plant.

  • Objectives of the Research
  1. phytochemical screening of crude plant extracts,
  2. antimicrobial screening of the crude extract of the plant,
  3. isolation and identification of phytochemicals present in the extracts and antimicrobial screening of isolated/identified compounds.
  • Justification of the Research

Uapaca pilosa (Hutch) has been used in many tropical communities in traditional medicine for the treatment of protozoa, bacteria and fungi infections. To the best of our knowledge, the phytochemistry and antimicrobial activity studies of Uapaca pilosa have not been studied. Hence there is need to validate the ethnomedicinal uses of the plant.

 

Get the Complete Project

This is a premium project material and the complete research project plus questionnaires and references can be gotten at an affordable rate of N3,000 for Nigerian clients and $8 for International clients.

Click here to Get this Complete Project Chapter 1-5

 

 

 

 

 

You can also check other Research Project here:

  1. Accounting Research Project
  2. Adult Education
  3. Agricultural Science
  4. Banking & Finance
  5. Biblical Theology & CRS
  6. Biblical Theology and CRS
  7. Biology Education
  8. Business Administration
  9. Computer Engineering Project
  10. Computer Science 2
  11. Criminology Research Project
  12. Early Childhood Education
  13. Economic Education
  14. Education Research Project
  15. Educational Administration and Planning Research Project
  16. English
  17. English Education
  18. Entrepreneurship
  19. Environmental Sciences Research Project
  20. Guidance and Counselling Research Project
  21. History Education
  22. Human Kinetics and Health Education
  23. Management
  24. Maritime and Transportation
  25. Marketing
  26. Marketing Research Project 2
  27. Mass Communication
  28. Mathematics Education
  29. Medical Biochemistry Project
  30. Organizational Behaviour
  31. Other Projects
  32. Political Science
  33. Psychology
  34. Public Administration
  35. Public Health Research Project
  36. More Research Project
  37. Transportation Management
  38. Nursing

Education

 

 

 

Need a Project Writer for a Different Topic

Full Project – ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS FROM STEM BARK EXTRACT OF Uapaca pilosa Hutch

Click here to Get The Complete Research Project Chapter 1-5


RESEARCH PROJECT CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE - INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
1.2 Statement of problem
1.3 Objective of the study
1.4 Research Hypotheses
1.5 Significance of the study
1.6 Scope and limitation of the study
1.7 Definition of terms
1.8 Organization of the study
CHAPETR TWO – LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Conceptual Framework
2.3. Theoretical Framework
2.4 Empirical Review
CHAPETR THREE - RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design
3.2 Study Area
3.3 Population of the Study
3.4 Sample Size and Sampling Technique
3.5 Instrument for Data Collection
3.6 Validity of the Instrument
3.7 Reliability of the Instrument
3.8 Method of Data Collection
3.9 Method of Data Analysis
3.9 Method of Data Analysis
3.10 Ethical Considerations
CHAPTER FOUR - DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
4.1. Introduction
4.2 Demographic Profiles of Respondents
4.2 Research Questions
4.3. Testing of Research Hypothesis
4.4 Discussion of Findings
CHAPTER FIVE – SUMMARY, CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Summary
5.3 Conclusion
5.4 Recommendation
REFERENCES
APPENDIX


Frequently Asked Questions | PenViewWriting.com

Frequently Asked Questions

How do I get my choice complete project on any topic?
To get your choice of complete project on any topic, simply click on the Download button above. Once you do that, follow the simple procedure stated on the page to complete the process. The steps are easy and straightforward, ensuring you can quickly access the full project without stress. You may be required to provide some basic details or confirm your selection before the download begins. After completing the procedure, the project will be available for you to save on your device. This method guarantees you receive the exact project topic you want in a complete, ready-to-use format.
I have a fresh topic that is not on your website. How do I go about it?
If you have a fresh topic that is not listed on our website, don’t worry—you can still get a complete and well-prepared research project. All you need to do is chat with us directly on WhatsApp or contact our Instant Help Desk. Once you share the details of your topic, our team of experts will guide you through the process and provide a custom-written research project tailored specifically to your requirements. This ensures that even if your topic is new, unique, or uncommon, you will still receive a high-quality, original project that meets your academic needs.
How fast can I get this complete project on any project topic?
You can get your complete project very quickly, depending on your needs. If you want this exact project topic without any adjustments or modifications, it will be ready for you to download within 15 minutes. The process is fast, simple, and convenient, ensuring you don’t waste time waiting. However, if you require some changes, customization, or a fresh project written from scratch, the delivery time may take a little longer, depending on the scope of work involved. Either way, we are committed to ensuring you get your complete project promptly to meet your academic deadlines.
Is it a complete research project or just materials?
It is a Complete Research Project, not just research materials or excerpts. This means you will receive everything you need in a standard academic project format. Specifically, the package includes Chapters 1 to 5, a well-written Abstract, a detailed Table of Contents, complete References, and where applicable, Questionnaires or Secondary Data. Each section is carefully structured to meet academic requirements, making it suitable for submission or further customization. So, when you download, you’re not just getting scattered notes but a fully developed research project that is ready for use, study, or adaptation to your specific academic needs.
What if I want to change the case study for this topic?
If you would like to change the case study for this topic, it’s very easy. Simply chat with our Instant Help Desk now via +234 708 7083 227, and you will get an immediate response. Our team will assist you in modifying the project to reflect the new case study of your choice. This ensures the content remains relevant and tailored to your academic requirements. Whether you want to switch to a different organization, location, or sample population, our experts will make the necessary adjustments promptly, so you still receive a complete and well-structured research project without any hassle.
How will I get my complete project?
Your Complete Project Material will be delivered directly to your email address for easy access and use. The file will be sent in Microsoft Word document format (MS Word), which allows you to easily read, edit, and customize the content to suit your specific requirements. This format is widely accepted for academic work and ensures you can make adjustments such as changing the case study, updating references, or adding personal inputs if needed. Once the project is sent, you can download it to your device immediately and begin working with it without any extra steps or complications.
Can I get my Complete Project through WhatsApp?
Yes! You can also receive your Complete Research Project directly through your WhatsApp number for convenience. Once your project is ready, we can send the full material in MS Word format straight to your WhatsApp, making it quick and easy for you to download and access on your phone or computer. This option is especially helpful if you prefer instant delivery, faster communication, or easier access on mobile devices. Whether through email or WhatsApp, you will still get the same complete project—including all chapters, abstract, references, and questionnaires where applicable—delivered securely and without delay.
What if my Project Supervisor made some changes to a topic I picked from your website?
If your project supervisor has made some changes to the topic you picked from our website, there is no need to worry. Simply call our Instant Help Desk now on +234 708 7083 227, and you will get an immediate response. Our team will assist you in adjusting the project to reflect your supervisor’s corrections or modifications. Whether it involves rephrasing the topic, changing the case study, or adding specific requirements, we will make the necessary updates quickly. This ensures your project aligns perfectly with your supervisor’s expectations while still maintaining a complete, high-quality research structure.
Do you assist students with Assignment and Project Proposal?
Yes! We also assist students with Assignments and Project Proposals in addition to complete research projects. If you need help with writing, structuring, or editing your proposal or assignment, our team is ready to guide you and provide the necessary materials. Simply call our Instant Help Desk now on +234 708 7083 227, and you will be attended to immediately. We provide professional support to ensure your work meets academic standards, whether it’s a proposal for approval, a class assignment, or a full project. This way, you can save time, reduce stress, and achieve excellent results.
What if I do not have any project topic idea at all?
Smiles! 😊 We’ve totally got you covered if you don’t have any project topic idea at all. Our team specializes in helping students brainstorm and select suitable topics that align with their field of study, interests, and academic requirements. All you need to do is chat with us on WhatsApp now via +234 708 7083 227 to get instant help. We will provide you with a list of well-researched, relevant, and trending project topics to choose from. Once you make your choice, we’ll guide you through the next steps, ensuring you get a complete project tailored just for you.
How can I trust this site?
You can trust this site because we are genuine and duly registered with the Corporate Affairs Commission (CAC), which gives you confidence that we are a recognized and legitimate business. In addition, our platform is protected with Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) encryption, meaning all your personal details, communications, and financial transactions are highly secure and safe from unauthorized access. Over the years, we have successfully assisted thousands of students with research projects, proposals, and assignments, building a solid track record of reliability. With these measures in place, you can be assured of our credibility, professionalism, and commitment to your academic success.
Customer Testimonials | Https://researchprojecttopics.com.ng

Our Customers are Happy

Ademola A.

★★★★★

I was skeptical at first, but after placing my order, my full project arrived in my email in under 15 minutes! The process was smooth, clear, and professional. Truly amazing service!

Kwabena K.

★★★★★

I needed a custom project on a new topic. researchprojecttopics.com.ng delivered within 3 days, and the quality was outstanding. They even guided me on how to defend it. Highly recommend!

Michael H.

★★★★★

Fast, reliable, and very professional. My research project was delivered on time, with no hidden charges. The team is trustworthy and supportive.

Fatou B.

★★★★★

I got my full project in minutes and my custom request within 3 days. Their communication is clear, and the material is top-notch. Excellent experience!

James O.

★★★★★

https://researchprojecttopics.com.ng is a lifesaver! My project was delivered exactly as requested. The team is friendly, professional, and highly responsive. Very satisfied!

Ngozi E.

★★★★★

I was worried about paying online, but the team reassured me and delivered my complete project instantly. Transparent and professional service!

Ama S.

★★★★★

I requested a custom topic project and received it in just 3 days. The guidance and quality were excellent. I recommend Https://researchprojecttopics.com.ng to everyone!

Sarah W.

★★★★★

The service is dependable and efficient. My project arrived on time, and every step was transparent. Truly a professional service I trust.

Emmanuel T.

★★★★★

Fast and reliable. My full project was delivered in minutes, and the custom project in 3 days. Communication was excellent throughout.

Aisha N.

★★★★★

Extremely satisfied with the service. My project was delivered promptly, fully transparent, and of high quality. A trustworthy academic partner!

Related Posts