Full Project – ANALYSIS OF ENUGU COAL

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ABSTRACT

The project Analysis of Enugu Coal was done to determine the characteristic properties of Enugu Coal with particular emphasis on the proximate and ultimate analysis.

Coal samples from the Enugu Coal (Onyeama) mine were obtained and pulverized.  The coal sample (pulverized) was subjected to proximate and ultimate analysis to determine its characteristic constituents.

Analysis showed a volatile matter content of 37.46 weight percent, 7.10% moisture content, 8.3% ash content and 47.14% fixed carbon for proximate.

And, the ultimate analysis showed a 5.2% hydrogen, 63.3% carbon, 0.79% sulphur, 0.8% nitrogen and 28.91% oxygen.

From this, it was reach that Enugu Coal is classified as sub bituminous and therefore is non-coking (low grade fuel).

TABLE OF CONTENT

1.0       CHAPTER ONE      – INTRODUCTION

1.1              Scope

1.2              Limitation

2.0       CHAPTER TWO     – THEORY – ORGIN OF ENUGU COAL

2.1              Formation of coal

2.1.1        Carbonification

2.1.2        Types/kinds of coal

2.2.1        Peat

2.2.2        Lignite

2.2.3        Anthracite

2.2.4        Bituminous

2.2.5        Cannel coal

2.2.6        Sub bituminous

2.3.1        Physical properties of coal

2.3.1.1              Density

2.3.1.2              Porosity

2.3.1.3              Strength

2.3.1.4              Reflectance

2.3.1.5              Caving and coking properties

2.3.1.6              Calorific value

2.4              Characterization of coal

2.4.1.1              Moisture

2.4.1.2              Volatile matter

2.4.1.3              Mineral matter and ash

2.4.1.4              Fixed carbon

2.5              Composition of coal

2.6              Uses of coal

2.7              Coal gasification

2.8              Structure of Enugu coal

2.9              Classification of coal

2.9.1        Rank – peat, lignite, sub bituminous, anthracite

2.9.2        Ultimate analysis

2.9.3        Proximate analysis

2.10          Enugu coal availability

2.11          Its efficiencies

2.12          Disadvantages

2.13          Coal sampling

3.0       CHAPTER THREE – EXPERIMENTAL WORK & RESULT

3.1.1.1                          Moisture content

3.1.1.2                          Volatile matter content

3.1.1.3                          Ash content

3.1.1.4                          Fixed carbon content

3.1.2.1                          Carbon and hydrogen contents

3.1.2.2                          Nitrogen content

3.1.2.3                          Sulphur content

3.1.2.4                          Oxygen content

3.2       Results

4.0                 CHAPTER FOUR

4.1       Discussion

4.2              Recommendation

4.3              Conclusion

Reference

Nomenclature

Appendix

CHAPTER ONE

1.0              INTRODUCTION

Coal is an amorphous substance derived by the carbonization of vegetation of prehistoric ages, containing free carbon and different hydrocarbons and also complex substance carrying oxygen’s, sulphur and nitrogen, contaminated with various amounts of mineral matter, such as pyrites, gypsum, lime, magnesia, silica, soda and potash found in beds or viens in the earth and used as fuel.  It is brittle, compact, massive and sometimes laminated, and varies in colour from black to brown.

Coal has also been defined in many ways but perhaps the most explicit definition is that “coal is a combustible organic rock having its origins in the accumulation and partial decomposition of vegetation.

Coal is widely distributed, and reserves of it are sufficient to last hundreds or thousands of years.  It has long been the backbone of industrial life.

Those countries involved with it have risen commercially and politically, those lacking it have hostly become agricultural or handicraft nations.  Coal was known in ancient time and in nineteenth century entered house hold use in England.

By the thirteenth century trade in it was active.  The invention of the stream engine stimulated active coal mining, and then the industrial age commenced in England, when coal replaced manpower, and eventually mechanical power held away.  When iron are was smelted by charcoal and the forests of England were ranishing, it was discovered that anthracite was a smelting fuel.  This was another stimulus to coal mining.  Later, when coke was made from bituminous coal, it was found to be a still superior fuel, the coal industry receive a great impetus, and huge industrial expansion ensured.

A further stimulus to the coal industry occurred when cities began to produce artificial was from coal for domestic and industrial use.  It’s high position, which receded under the competition of oil and gas, is again coal which is of plant origin, composed highly of carbon with carbonaceous fuels that differ in the relative amounts of moisture, volatile matter and fixed carbon deposits were formed from the remains of vast forest of trees, shrubs and plant which flourished in the hot and humid climate of 250 to 400 million years ago.  These flora died and rotted and were buried and consolidated under sediments deposited by encroaching seas.  The coal seams so formed lay undisturbed until the coming of man.

The Chinese are said to have used coal three thousand years ago, but there is no evidence that other ancient civilization used it.  The Venetian explorer, Marcopolo, records in the account of his thirteenth century travels through cathana that the natives burned a black stone dugout of the mountains.

Furthermore, coal is a combustible organic rock composed principally of consolidated and chemically altered vegetal remains which undergo geologic process, working over vast spains of time, compressed and altered decaying plant material that resulted in an increase of the percentage of carbon with increasing heat and pressure, different ranks of coal can occurs lignite (the softest), sub bituminous, bituminous, and anthracite (the hardest).  Upon close examination some coals having bright, shiny bands of varying thickness which alternate with duller bands, where as other coals show no banding.  The horizontal layering is characteristic of all sedimentary rocks and reflects the initial accumulation of the organic rich materials.  Bright layers (vitrinite) consist primarily of woody cell wall materials, while the dull layers (exinite) consist primarily of the most resistant plant remains, such as spores and cuticles of leaves and rootlets these organic portions of coal are as the various types of coalfields plant material.  Banded coal are referred to as attrite or splint coal types, where as the non-banded are cannel and or boghead coal types.  Each has its own characteristics and appearance that reflect the environment conditions responsible for its formation.

Enugu coal is sub bituminous type of coal according to the classification of the American Society of Testing Material (ASTM) this was formed during the cretaceous period, about 120 million years ago.  It is characterized by high moisture and volatile matter contents, nitrogen and hydrogen, but low in sulphur content.  It has a poor coking property and a fairly high ash content, but with a fairly high fussion temperature that prevents clinkering.

The coal has fairly high calorific value and is good for steam raising as fuel in solid or pulverized form.  However, this does not stand up well on exposure to the atmosphere as it dulls in appearance and develops some fine cracks after some months, but it does not decrepitated badly.

The calorific value of the coal (the most important property of the fuel) can drop by 15% of the original value under four months in storage, depending on particle size; lower if in layer lump and considerably higher if in smaller particles.

A number of experiments has been carried out to determine these changes in Enugu coal.

1.1       SCOPE

Indeed any known type of analysis are so much that they all can conveniently be discussed in this research work.  For this reason, the researcher would have to consider only the proximate and ultimate analysis of Enugu coal.  Though coal was discussed in general, the write up do not dwell on this area.  Efforts were concentrated only on the analysis above (moisture, ash, volatile and fixed carbon contents, and hydrogen, sulphur, carbon, oxygen and nitrogen contents).

It should be noted that the term Enugu coal as used in this work refers to coal sample obtained from Onyeama coal mine, though it is known that other proven coal reserves do exist in Enugu.

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Full Project – ANALYSIS OF ENUGU COAL