Full Project – Impact of egg abnormalities on egg production of parent stock in ECWA Farm Bukuru

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• Background to the Study

Egg abnormalities can significantly impact the egg production of parent stock in poultry farms, such as ECWA Farm Bukuru. Abnormalities can range from shell-less eggs, wrinkled eggs, double-yolked eggs, to eggs with blood or meat spots (Roberts, 2004). These abnormalities can lead to a decrease in egg production, as they often result in lower hatchability rates and poorer chick quality. Furthermore, they can also lead to economic losses due to the reduced market value of abnormal eggs (Roberts, 2004).

The causes of egg abnormalities are multifactorial and can be attributed to both genetic and environmental factors. Genetic factors include the breed of the chicken, with some breeds being more prone to producing abnormal eggs than others (Roberts, 2004). Environmental factors include the diet of the chicken, the temperature and humidity of the environment, and the chicken’s exposure to stressors such as disease or overcrowding (Jones & Musgrove, 2005).

Nutrition plays a crucial role in egg production and the occurrence of egg abnormalities. A deficiency in certain nutrients, such as calcium, can lead to shell abnormalities, while an excess of certain nutrients, such as selenium, can lead to abnormalities in the egg yolk (Jones & Musgrove, 2005). Therefore, providing a balanced diet to the parent stock is essential for reducing the occurrence of egg abnormalities and maintaining high egg production rates.

Management practices can also influence the occurrence of egg abnormalities. For example, overcrowding can lead to stress, which can in turn lead to a decrease in egg production and an increase in the occurrence of egg abnormalities (Jones & Musgrove, 2005). Therefore, maintaining optimal stocking densities and providing a stress-free environment for the chickens can help to reduce the occurrence of egg abnormalities.

In ECWA Farm Bukuru, implementing strategies to reduce the occurrence of egg abnormalities could significantly improve egg production rates. These strategies could include genetic selection for breeds with lower rates of egg abnormalities, providing a balanced diet to the chickens, maintaining optimal environmental conditions, and implementing good management practices (Jones & Musgrove, 2005).

In conclusion, egg abnormalities can have a significant impact on egg production in parent stock. However, through careful management and the implementation of appropriate strategies, the occurrence of these abnormalities can be reduced, leading to improved egg production rates and economic benefits for poultry farms such as ECWA Farm Bukuru.

• Statement of the Problem

The issue of egg abnormalities in ECWA Farm Nigeria is a significant concern that affects the overall egg production of parent stock. Egg abnormalities, such as shell-less eggs, double-yolked eggs, and misshapen eggs, can lead to a decrease in egg production and quality, which can negatively impact the profitability of the farm (Jones & Musgrove, 2005).

The problem is further exacerbated by the fact that egg abnormalities can lead to health issues in the parent stock, such as egg peritonitis and egg binding, which can further decrease egg production and may even lead to the death of the bird (Roberts, 2004). This not only affects the farm’s egg production but also increases the costs associated with veterinary care and replacement of the parent stock.

Moreover, egg abnormalities can also lead to a decrease in hatchability, which can affect the farm’s ability to sustain its parent stock (Deeming, 2001). This is particularly problematic for ECWA Farm Nigeria, which relies on the hatching of healthy chicks to maintain its parent stock.

Furthermore, the causes of egg abnormalities are often multifactorial and can include factors such as nutrition, stress, age, and disease (Etches et al., 2008). This makes it difficult to prevent and manage egg abnormalities, further exacerbating the problem.

The impact of egg abnormalities on egg production of parent stock in ECWA Farm Nigeria is a significant problem that needs to be addressed. Further research is needed to better understand the causes of egg abnormalities and to develop effective strategies for their prevention and management.

• Aim and Objectives of the Study

The aim of the study is to examine the impact of egg abnormalities on egg production of parent stock in ECWA Farm Bukuru. The specific objectives of the study are:

1. To investigate the prevalence of egg abnormalities in ECWA Farm Bukuru and its impact on egg production.
2. To identify the specific types of egg abnormalities commonly found in the parent stock of ECWA Farm Bukuru.
3. To analyze the potential causes of these egg abnormalities in the parent stock and how they can be mitigated.
4. To assess the economic implications of egg abnormalities on the overall productivity and profitability of ECWA Farm Bukuru.

1.4. Research Questions

The research questions are stated below:

1. What is the prevalence of egg abnormalities in ECWA Farm Bukuru and how does it impact egg production?
2. What specific types of egg abnormalities are commonly found in the parent stock of ECWA Farm Bukuru?
3. What are the potential causes of these egg abnormalities in the parent stock and how can they be mitigated?
4. What are the economic implications of egg abnormalities on the overall productivity and profitability of ECWA Farm Bukuru?

 Research Hypothesis

The hypothetical statement for the study is buttressed below:

Ho: Egg abnormalities has no significant impact on the overall productivity and profitability of ECWA Farm Bukuru.

H₁: Egg abnormalities has significant impact on the overall productivity and profitability of ECWA Farm Bukuru.

1.6. Significance of the Study

The study of the impact of egg abnormalities on egg production in ECWA Farm Bukuru holds significant importance for several reasons. Firstly, understanding the prevalence and types of egg abnormalities can provide valuable insights into the health and productivity of the parent stock. This information can be used to implement targeted interventions to improve egg production and overall farm productivity.

Secondly, by identifying the specific types of egg abnormalities commonly found in the parent stock, the study can contribute to the broader knowledge base on poultry health and egg production. This information can be useful for other poultry farms experiencing similar issues, thereby benefiting the wider poultry industry.

Thirdly, the analysis of potential causes of these egg abnormalities can inform the development of effective mitigation strategies. This could potentially lead to a reduction in the occurrence of egg abnormalities, thereby improving the quality of eggs produced and enhancing the profitability of ECWA Farm Bukuru.

Fourthly, the assessment of the economic implications of egg abnormalities can provide a clear picture of the financial impact of this issue on the farm. This can guide decision-making processes related to resource allocation and investment in interventions to address egg abnormalities.

Fifthly, the findings of this study can be used to inform policy and practice in the poultry industry. By highlighting the impact of egg abnormalities on egg production, the study can advocate for the importance of addressing this issue in poultry farming.

Lastly, the study can contribute to the academic literature on poultry health and egg production. By providing empirical evidence from ECWA Farm Bukuru, the study can enrich the understanding of egg abnormalities and their impact on egg production. This can stimulate further research in this area, thereby advancing knowledge in this field.

1.7. Scope of the Study

The study examines Impact of egg abnormalities on egg production of parent stock in ECWA Farm Bukuru.

1.8. Operational Definition of Terms

“Impact” refers to the effect or influence that one event, situation or entity has on another. In this context, it refers to the effect of egg abnormalities on egg production.

“Egg abnormalities” refer to any irregularities or deviations from the normal structure, size, shape, or color of an egg. These abnormalities can include shell-less eggs, double-yolked eggs, eggs with blood or meat spots, and misshapen eggs, among others.

“Egg production” is the process by which hens lay eggs. It involves a series of biological processes, including ovulation, fertilization (if a rooster is present), and the formation of the eggshell. In a farming context, egg production also refers to the quantity of eggs produced by a flock of hens over a certain period.

“Parent stock” refers to the breeding birds (hens and roosters) that are kept for the purpose of producing offspring. The health, genetics, and overall quality of the parent stock can significantly influence the characteristics and productivity of their offspring.

“ECWA” stands for Evangelical Church Winning All, a Christian denomination in Nigeria. In this context, it refers to the ECWA Farm Bukuru, a farm owned and operated by this church.

“Farm” is a piece of land used for growing crops or rearing animals, typically under the management of a single individual or organization. In this context, it refers to ECWA Farm Bukuru, where the study on egg abnormalities and egg production is being conducted.

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Full Project – Impact of egg abnormalities on egg production of parent stock in ECWA Farm Bukuru