Full Project – Apparent nutrient digestibility of growing pigs fed graded levels of cassava peels meal supplemented with probiotics (lactic dry)

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CHAPTER ONE

1.0       INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

As a palliative to the high cost of conventional feed ingredients, many unconventional feed sources have been tried by researchers to reduce feed cost and ensure the profitability of the livestock enterprise especially in developing countries where scarcity of the conventional ingredients is a perennial problem (Onimisi and Omage, 2006; Owen et al., 2009). Many of these unconventional ingredients are agroindustrial by-products of such crops like rice, maize, groundnut, soybean, oil palm and cassava.

The potential use of these unconventional feed ingredients has often been measured by performance indicators like weight gain, feed conversion ratio, feed efficiency, digestibility and feed cost /kilogramme weight gain.

Fibrousness of feedstuffs (mostly of by-product of plant origin) is important in relation to their feeding value to pigs (Adesehinwa et al., 2011). The addition of fibre to swine diets decreases the digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) concentration of the diet (Kennelly et al., 2008 and Kennelly and Aherne, 2010) and often results in bulk feeds. The influence of crude fibre on organic matter digestibility varies from feed to feed, depending on the special characteristics of the crude fibre in individual feeds (Kidder and Manner, 2008). The fibrous portion of feed, being fairly indigestible to pigs, influences the digestibility of the other constituents by exerting a protective action, encasing these constituents in a digestion-proof shield, as it were, thereby obstructing the access of digestive enzymes (Sauer et al., 2011; Mitaru and Blair, 2014). Hence, for efficient use of cassava peel in pig feeding, some form of physical treatment is essential to the breaking down of the fibre encapsulating the more soluble constituents so that digestive secretions can penetrate more completely (Kidder and Manner, 2008).

The use of small doses of antibiotics for therapeutic purposes and also as antibacterial growth promoters (AGPs) in livestock production have proved effective in the control of diseases and also improved performance by reducing microbial load in the gut, thereby ensuring increased availability of nutrients to the animal (Akinleye et al., 2008). Although, the use of dietary antibiotics in feed have been limited or prohibited in many countries especially in Europe, due to the development of drugresistant bacteria which can be transmitted to the human microbiota and the presence of antibiotic residues in poultry meat and eggs that may have harmful effects on human consumers and also imbalance of normal microflora (Ghahri et al., 2013).

There is thus a need to seek for viable alternatives capable of increasing the defensive capacity of livestock while avoiding AGPs use and maintaining adequate production levels. Lactic dry is  a combination of probiotic and enzymes which is indicated for increased fibre digestion improvement in feed conversion ratio and increased weight gain.  Alternatives such as prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, organic acids which are added as supplements have been reported to have potential to reduce enteric disease in animals and subsequent contamination of farm animal products (Sorum  and Sunde 2001). They also play a very important role in the balance and multiplication of the beneficial microbial population in the gastrointestinal tract thereby ensuring digestive health and also improved growth performance and intestinal morphology.

This present research therefore is carried out to determine the effect of graded levelsof cassava peel meal supplemented with probiotics on the apparent nutrient digestibility of growing pigs.

1.2Justification of the Study

Livestock production in Nigeria is still faced with the case of high cost of production rising from feed cost. Feed accounts for 60% – 70%of the total cost of many livestock production. This cost is as the result of the cost of procuring the feed ingredients which are mostly conventional feed ingredients. The ever increasing competition between man and livestock for cereals and other feed stuffs necessitate the search for alternative sources that will guarantee cheaper cost of production if the target of 65g protein consumption per day recommended by the FAO is to be attained. It is on this background that this research work is carried out to determine the effect of graded levels of cassava peel on the apparent digestibility of growing pigs . The result of this experiment will be used in the formulation of cheaper feed for growing pigs and it will improve the knowledge of the utilization of the cassava peel which is usually discarded as waste.

1.3 Objective of the study

The objective of this study is to determine  the effect of graded levels of cassava peel meal on the apparent nutrient digestibility of growing pigs supplemented with (lactic dry) probiotics

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Full Project – Apparent nutrient digestibility of growing pigs fed graded levels of cassava peels meal supplemented with probiotics (lactic dry)