Full Project – IMPACT OF ELECTRONIC MEDIA ON POLITICAL PARTICIPATION

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ABSTRACT

Some studies theorized electronic media as fostering youth political participation by facilitating the development of online participatory cultures (Jenkins, 2009).  Online participatory cultures provide young citizens with opportunities to discuss and gain information about political topics, create capacity for action by promoting digital skills and norms for group interaction, and facilitate recruitment into civic and political life (Kahne et al., 2013).

This thesis entitled ” impact of electronic media on political participation in delta state university, abraka. The study was based on three specific objectives, i.e.: To assess the use of Electronic media to mobilize students to participate in politics to examine the cultural values in Nigeria that make it difficult for students to participate in the decision making process and to find out the relationship between electronic media and students participation in politics in Nigeria

The study took form of a case study design, with, a study sample of 60 respondents usingsimple random sampling method. Questionnaires and interviews were used in collecting both primary and secondary data. The collected data was analysed using both qualitative and quantitative methods.

The study findings indicate It is high time for everyone (especially students). To get actively involved in politics.

 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

 1.1 Background of The study

There is evidence of a worldwide trend in the decline of young citizens’ participation in politics, especially in terms of voting. In the United States, for example, a study revealed that voter turnout of the 18–24 year-old citizens declined from more than 50 percent in 1972 to only about 35 percent in 2000 (Zukin, Keeter, Andolina, Jenkins, and Carpini, 2006, p. 6).  In Britain, voter turnout among young citizens under 25-years-old  declined from 88.6% in 1964 to only 44.3% in 2005 (Phelps, 2005, p. 483). In Canada, voter turnout of citizens of age 18-24-year-old declined from 75% in 1988 to 60% in 2000 (Barnes and Virgint, 2013).

These trends are consistent with that for the general population. A study by International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA) revealed that, on average, voter turnout is on a steady decline globally. For example, Japan had a decline from 72% in 1960 to 62% in 2000; France 77% in 1960 to 60% in 2000; Costa Rica 81% in 1960 to 67% in 2000; New Zealand 89% in 1960 to 77% in 2000 (Blais, 2010, pp. 166–167).

These trends were not always linear as voter turnout increased in some cases such as in the

US elections in 1992 and 2004, the UK in 1987 and 1992, and Canada in 2015 (Hay, 2007, p. 13; “Voter Turnout Hits Highest Level In Over 2 Decades,” 2015; Zukin et al., 2006, p. 6). However, data on the aggregate level show that the declining trend is the general pattern (Blais, 2010, pp. 166–167; Dalton, 2008, p. 37; Hay, 2007, p. 13; International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2002, pp. 76–77).

Based on IDEA’s published report in 1999, young citizens (age less than 25 year-olds) are the group of voters with the lowest turnout rate in almost all countries studied (International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2002, p. 111). Studies on specific countries such as the US and the UK also confirm this conclusion (Phelps, 2005, p. 483; Zukin et al., 2006, p. 6).

Research that attempted to uncover the causes of this decline led to various conclusions. Two main arguments are: 1) the decline of political participation is the reflection of the decay of civic values among today’s citizens. The root of the decline of political participation can be attributed to the growing apathy towards civic participation in general: that people are less interested in social activities, are less attached to group membership, and inclined more to individual activities (Putnam, 1995); and 2) the phenomenon of citizens’ disconnection with politics is actually a sign of the transformation (rather than  decline) of citizenship norms and values (Dalton, 2008, 2009; Inglehart and Welzel, 2007; Zukin et al., 2006). In other words, people are participating in different ways. In line with the second argument, Dalton (2008) proposes that the new trend of political participation is marked by the emergence of a new style of citizen politics. The current forms of political participation are marked by activities that are citizen-initiated, less constrained, more policy-oriented, and directly linked to the government. Some of these forms of political participation  –  now increasingly found in advanced industrial democratic countries – are participation in citizen lobbies, single-issue groups, citizen-action movements, and political consumerism activities (2008, p. 54).

The causes of this changing form of political participation, according to Dalton, are the increasing political sophistication of citizens (in terms of skills and knowledge) and the accessibility of participation resources (especially in terms of political information).  As Dalton stated, a sophisticated and cognitively mobilized citizen places less dependence on traditional forms of political participation, such as voting and campaigns as the primary means of influencing the government (2008, p. 54). As a consequence, today’s citizens would prefer to participate in certain forms of political participation and not others.

Some scholars specifically propose that the new communication technology, electronic media in particular, is responsible for this transformation of political participation. Loader and Marca, for example, argue that electronic media enable citizens to critically scrutinize the actions of government and corporations by providing them space to interact and collaborate in the production and the dissemination of alternative political information (2011, p. 759). Meanwhile Bennet proposes that electronic media has the capacity to activate a “small world phenomenon” (in which distant people are in close reach of individuals), making it useful to activists for coordinating large-scale, individualized collective action as in the cases of Arab Spring, Occupy Wall Street movement, or the 15-M movement in Spain (2012, p. 28). In sum, these scholars point to the potential of electronic media to promote the emergence of the new forms of political participation which are more direct, more issue-oriented, more elite-challenging, and less dependent on traditional political institutions such as political parties.

Based on the above descriptions, there is a suggestion that youth political participation worldwide is shifting into a new form of political participation, made possible by the emergence of electronic media. Electronic media is argued as a technology that goes hand-in-hand with the social changes that have happened (the growth of more sophisticated citizens, the rise of the new citizenship norms), which eventually led to the emergence of the new form of political participation.

However, it is important to note that the above literature (as well as many other literature in this topic) mostly refers to the cases in the advanced democratic countries, especially in western democratic countries. Explanations regarding the shifting form of youth political participation, facilitated by electronic media, are hardly found in the cases of the emerging democratic countries such as Indonesia.

Therefore, this research is interested in proposing explanations regarding the trend of youth political participation, especially in relation to the role of electronic media in affecting it in Indonesia’s context.

1.2 Statement of the problem

From the evolution of electronic media platforms on the internet world, it has been used for political purposes (Langlois and Elmer, 2013). Over the 5 or 8 years, the use of electronic media in politics has got a lot of attention in the academic area and researchers conducted many studies and created literature to understand the impact of the use of electronic media in politics. How does it influence political participants and Student voting behaviour? Most of the research provides generic information and there is a large gap in this research area that needs to be filled up. This can be what kinds of political activities on electronic media have a great impact on political efficacy. Previous research also did not show the Student perception regarding the use of electronic media in politics (Calderaro, 2018). So, this is important to know the Student perception of electronic media use in politics. This is also needed to know what kinds of political activities through electronic media have a great impact on the Student and other political participants.

South Asian countries like India are using electronic media to reach political participants and pursue potential voters. The new voters think that electronic media is an easy and effective medium to engage in political activities (Biswas et al., 2014). This has changed the way people communicate with each other. With the traditional channels, politicians can make awareness about political activities. But, electronic media helps not only make aware but also attract people. This research also argued that electronic media helps politicians to engage young people to participate in political activities (Biswas et al., 2014). Every Student in the modern world is using electronic media and they are using electronic media for political participation. People are using it for political campaigns, communicate with politicians and taking part in any other political activities (Omotayo and Folorunso, 2020). The use of electronic media and the various available access to political activities and information has a great impact on political efficacy and Student participation (Bimber and Copeland, 2011).

Kruse et. al. (2018) argued that people avoid engaging in political discussion and actions through electronic media. This research has shown three factors responsible for this avoidance. First, the factor is fear of online arrangement, second is they engage only with like-minded people, finally, they think that social only use for social and happy interactions. Loader and Mercea (2011) argued that electronic media has the potential to make more participative democracy. This is a strong platform that has disruptive value to challenge traditional modes of communication and interest (Bennett, 2012). The purpose of this research is to leverage the knowledge gap in this area. And this research has shown impact of electronic media on political participation in delta state university, Abraka. This has reduced a large knowledge gap in the area of electronic media use in politics.

1.3Purpose of the study

This study purpose is impact of electronic media on political participation in delta state university, abraka

1.4 Objectives of the study

The objectives of this study is to

• To assess the use of Electronic media to mobilize students to participate in politics.
• To examine the cultural values in Nigeria that make it difficult for students to participate in the decision making process.
• To find out the relationship between electronic media and studentsparticipation in politics in Nigeria.

1.5 Research questions

In this study, an attempt will be sufficiently made to answer the following questions.

l .    Do Electronic media actually mobilize students enough towards political participation?

2. To what extent does culture affect students’ participation in politics in Nigeria?

• What is the relationship between Electronic media and students’ participation in politics in Nigeria?

1.6 Significance of the study

It is expected that at the end of this study that

The researcher will be able to understand the usefulness of Electronic media in mobilizing students to take part in decision-makin ^o .

It will enable the government to promote the full utilization of students in the development of human resources and to bringingabout their acceptance as full participation in every phase of national development with equal rights and corresponding obligations in elective positions for students.

1.7. Operational definition of terms

Role: The degree to which somebody/ something is involved in a situation or an activity and the effect that they have on it.

Mobilizing: It has to do with organizing or preparing people for a particular purpose.

Participation: Taking active part in that particular activity or event.

Politics: A competition between political parties to wards who or which party assumes political leadership.

1.8 Limitation of the study

The researcher is likely to face some challenges of limited resources especially in terms of finance to pay for expenses of research. Such expenses include printing costs due to many questionnaires. transport costs moving from place to place, binding costs and other paper works. The researcher hopes to borrow some money from friends and later on, refund.

1.9 Organization of The Study

This study is organized into five chapters. Chapter one included the background of the study, research problem, research objectives and questions as well as limitation of the study. Chapter two contains the literature review. Chapter three includes the methodology and study area. Chapter Four contains the results and discussion of key findings of the study. Chapter Five finally looks at the summary, conclusions, and recommendations based on the findings.

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