WhatsApp or SMS: 07087083227
Click here to Get The Complete Research Project Chapter 1-5

ANALYSIS OF AUDIT PROCEDURE IN A PUBLIC SECTOR ORGANIZATION (A CASE STUDY OF KADUNA STATE WATER BOARD)

Click here to Get this Complete Project Chapter 1-5

ABSTRACT

Auditing is an essential tool for proper governance in the public sector. It constitutes an indispensable control mechanism for ensuring proper management of economic resources and for ensuring compliance with prescribed financial policies and regulations.

Effective audit procedures become important to the public sector organization in order to curtail the rate of financial mis-management and abuse which hampers the growth and proper administration of the organization.

Auditing in the public sector has extended more than the traditional financial statement audit to the value for money audit. This audit is concerned with the economy, efficiency and effectiveness of a particular function or department within the body whose affairs are being audited.

For the purpose of the study, data were collected through the use of questionnaire, observation and other written documents.

Major findings of the research shows:

– That auditing cannot exist without the preparation of accounts.

– That auditing has helped to uncover irregularities, error and other financial mismanagement.

– That auditing is imperative in public sector as it would help them motivate and maintain operational autonomy and will alongside help them ensure economic stability.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGES

Title page i

Certification ii

Dedication iii

Acknowledgement iv

Table of Content v

Abstract vi

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study 1

1.2 Statement of Problems 3

1.3 Aims and Objectives of Study 3

1.4 Scope of the Study 4

1.5 Significance of the Study 5

1.6 Limitations of the Study 6

1.7 Statement of Hypothesis 7

1.8 Definition of terms 8

1.9 Historical Background of Case of Study 9

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Origin of Audit 10

2.2 Development and Growth of Audit in Nigeria Definitions of

Audit purpose of audit 10

2.3 Types of audit 11

2.4 External audit 13

2.5 Auditing guidelines Planning Controlling and Recording Internal

Audit Value for Money Audit 14

2.6 Distinction between Accounting and Auditing Functions 14

2.7 Auditing Guidelines and Procedures: Planning, Controlling

And Recording Planning 20

2.8 Audit Evidence 25

2.9 Internal Controls 29

2.10 Internal Audit 35

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction 48

3.2 Research Design 49

3.3 Population Description 50

3.4 Sample Description and Techniques 50

3.5 Research Materials/ Instruments 51

3.6 Method of Data Collection and Organization of Data. 51

3.7 Organization of Data 53

3.8 Statistical Treatment of Data 53

CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATIONS AND ANALYSIS

4.1 Introduction 55

4.2 Analysis and Evaluation of Data 55

4.3 Test of Hypothesis 62

4.4 Findings of the Study 68

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.

5.1 Summary 71

5.2 Conclusion 71

5.3 Recommendations 72

Appendix

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

As it will be practically impossible to talk of a building without a foundation, so also it will be professionally imbalance to talk of Audit procedure in a public sector organization” without actually bringing to time light what public sector organization portrays.

Public sector organization refers to those organizations set up by government for the purpose of providing social services with profit motive if any, at the background.

“organization” in the eyes of the law is an actual being. It is an intangible person with many of legal rights, powers and obligations of an individual. It may take contracts, hold and sell property, sue and be sued in its own name. Organizations therefore, owe their births to creation and they are owned and managed differently precisely because of their unique artificial legal make up. Such organizations include Kaduna State Water Board, National Electric Power Authority, to mention but few.

Every human organization, however, simply require written records which the management or administration needs to keep decisions formulation of general rules, the making of policies and the legal validation of the organization status, procedures and relationships with other organizations or individuals.

Every civilization, ancient or modern that had a commercial background or that which had any difficult problems of governmental organization or administration to solve had to have financial or at least numerical records of some sort.

Auditing being the exercise aimed at ensuring that the accounts being reported on show the auditor’s opinion, a true and fair view of the financial position as at the balance sheet data and of the profit and loss for the period ended the date, it is suffix to say that as erroneously being carried about, it is not the objective of an audit to detect fraud, although fraud or defalcation may surface during audit.

The auditing of an organization financial statements involves the verification of the balance sheet and the income and expenditure accounts and the examination of the underlying records to test their reliability and the basis from which these statements had been prepared. It means going through financial transaction which had given rise to the records.

In a public sector like Kaduna State Water Board, auditing, and audit programme has to be drawn up and this will be a guide for the audit work. The audit programme will seek to verify the efficient working of internal control system with particular reference to the internal check, division of duties and managerial supervision.

The proper working of the system of book keeping and accounting with particular reference to the accuracy, completeness and reliability of the records being compiled and the extent of the true and fair view of the financial statement as produced there from.

In analyzing an audit, it involves a set of procedures which include: general financial control procedure, cash controls and the procedures involving receipt and payment, salaries and wages control, sales and trade debtors control procedure contract award procedure and fixed asset and investment control.

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS

This research work is set out to examine effective analysis of Audit procedure in a public sector organization so as to have an insight into how it affect individual, and government as well as how proper analysis of audit procedure helps in attracting and retaining the financial position in public sector.

The following are the statement of problems:

i. To what extent do the auditors exercise procedures in a public sector organization.

ii. What constraints are there that inhibit auditors procedure on internal control.

iii. What is the relationship between the company’s auditing process and the level of accountability.

1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

Auditing in the public sector organization especially those in public corporations like Water Board, have been so neglected by government these days. Most of the relevant books consulted so far in the field of auditing, little or nothing have been said about auditing of public corporation. Major concern has been towards the audit of limited liability companies.

This research however, is designed to enable the readers understand the procedure in the auditing process in the public sector organizations with reference to Kaduna State Water Board and also, to know the role of auditors of public sector organization.

1.4 STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESIS

In order to have a bearing for this study, formulation of hypotheses is necessary which is an opinion statement on research question and data to be obtained during the research work will be used to test the hypothesis.

Nnadozie and Akuzuito (1995 P.32) “The research hypothesis is a tentative answer to a research problem/question. It is an educated or intelligent guess of an answer to the problem of the research under investigation. It is however, an answer which has no evidence supporting it until a full investigation is carried out. The research hypothesis may therefore be seen as an opinion statement”.

Considering the problems already stated data gathered during this study will be used to test the following hypothesis:

Hi: Auditing process has a positive and significant relationship with the level of accountability in a public sector organization.

Ho: Auditing process has no positive and significant relationship with the level of accountability in a public sector organization.

Hi: Lack of effective and efficient performance of internal control inhibit auditor’s procedures.

Ho: Lack of effective and efficient performance of internal control does not affects auditor’s procedures.

Hi: Lack of independent mind of most internal auditors does not affect effectiveness of internal control system.

Ho: Lack of independent mind of internal auditors affects the effectiveness of internal control system.

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

With the rapid growing of economy crises in the country, the effect of audit procedure can be highly detrimental to the users of a company’s report if not properly carried out.

Kaduna State Water Board being one of the public sector organization in Nigeria economy. It is necessary to work into how the audit procedures is been carried out in such public organization.

The effect of this audit procedures to individual investors, customers and other governmental agent are of paramount importance. it is with the believe that the research work will bring about relevant questions that will require further analytical investigation, thereby increasing the existing knowledge on the subject matter.

1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

The study has been basically limited to areas that is concerned by Kaduna State Water Board that is, the analysis and the procedure in a public sector organization. The process of this study covers the control and procedure of expenditure of the Board as well as that of receipts. it is also pertinent to mention that the project research is purely an academic exercise.

Time Constraint: Time is an important factor in a research work. For a researcher to exhaust all the requirements for a particular study, a lot of time must be invested. However, the time allowed for this research work is short coupled with other academic activities.

Financial Constraint: Closely following the above constraint was finance. Research of this nature requires large fund, indequate fund does not allow for a large scale research to include the organizations.

Respondent Constraint: Most of the audit and account staffs confronted for information felt somehow skeptical to release them for fear of leaking official secret, this actually make it difficult for the researcher to obtain adequate information needed to the study.

1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS

The following are some terms used in this project work.

Audit Programme: Is a schedule of operation to be carried out in the course of any particular audit exercise.

Audit Planning: Audit planning refers to the plan of work by a firm of accountants or a government audit department to ensure that during a year it covers the entire audit job it has at hand.

Audit Evidence: All information obtained by the auditor in arriving at his conclusion on any matter within the scope of his audit.

V.F.M: Means value for money audit

Audit Working Papers: Working papers consit of file of evidence obtained during audit work, the details of the methods and procedures the auditor followed and the conclusion he has reached concerning the object of the audit.

Testing: Selecting and examining representative items from a large set of similar items for the purpose of drawing conclusions about the charactertics of the set.

Audit Procedures: The acts performed by the auditor in the course of attaining the objectives of the examination.

1.8 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF KADUNA STATE WATER BOARD

The Board was created by Kaduna State (then North Control State of Nigeria) through Edict No. 2 of 1971. Since then the Board is operating separate set of books of Accounts and treasury, for payment of vouchers, time to time new set of procedures and accounting system were introduced through circulars while sometime through instruction on the job training, to bring the Board’s Accounting system on modern lines. However, all these circulars and instructions are in lose form and some are unwritten too. The introduction of commercial accounting system at Kaduna State Water Board is to provide suitable, sufficient and authentic management information to help in decision making and planning of operation.

This data falls under two categories viz:

i. Financial and management information

ii. Control and flow of financial data for future planning.

Classification and coding of accounting data is necessary to process the data speedily. In pursuance to this objectives revenue and expenditure have been coded and classified.

The general managed/chief executive, is the accounting officer of the Board. Any officer expending money within the board does so on behalf of the chief executive. The limits of power of the chief executive in this regard are stipulated in circulars issued from time to time by the government and in conformity with the edict.

REFERENCES

Milichamp, A.H (2000) Auditing Continuum London and New York. The Edition

Ekwere A. B. (1991) Contemporary Auditing, Fab Education Book, Jers, Nigeria.AAT Study Pack Paper 14, Public Sector Accounting and Auditing/2 Published September.

Akuezuilo E. O. And Nnadozie B. M. (1995) Research Methods and Statistics in Education, Social and Management Sciences, Nuel Centi (Nig) Publishers Akwa.

Get the Complete Project

This is a premium project material and the complete research project plus questionnaires and references can be gotten at an affordable rate of N3,000 for Nigerian clients and $8 for International clients.

Click here to Get this Complete Project Chapter 1-5

You can also check other Research Project here:

1, Accounting Research Project

Need a Project Writer for a Different Topic

Education

Click here to Get The Complete Research Project Chapter 1-5

RESEARCH PROJECT CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE - INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
1.2 Statement of problem
1.3 Objective of the study
1.4 Research Hypotheses
1.5 Significance of the study
1.6 Scope and limitation of the study
1.7 Definition of terms
1.8 Organization of the study
CHAPETR TWO – LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Conceptual Framework
2.3. Theoretical Framework
2.4 Empirical Review
CHAPETR THREE - RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design
3.2 Study Area
3.3 Population of the Study
3.4 Sample Size and Sampling Technique
3.5 Instrument for Data Collection
3.6 Validity of the Instrument
3.7 Reliability of the Instrument
3.8 Method of Data Collection
3.9 Method of Data Analysis
3.9 Method of Data Analysis
3.10 Ethical Considerations
CHAPTER FOUR - DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
4.1. Introduction
4.2 Demographic Profiles of Respondents
4.2 Research Questions
4.3. Testing of Research Hypothesis
4.4 Discussion of Findings
CHAPTER FIVE – SUMMARY, CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Summary
5.3 Conclusion
5.4 Recommendation
REFERENCES
APPENDIX

Frequently Asked Questions | PenViewWriting.com

Frequently Asked Questions

How do I get my choice complete project on any topic?

To get your choice of complete project on any topic, simply click on the Download button above. Once you do that, follow the simple procedure stated on the page to complete the process. The steps are easy and straightforward, ensuring you can quickly access the full project without stress. You may be required to provide some basic details or confirm your selection before the download begins. After completing the procedure, the project will be available for you to save on your device. This method guarantees you receive the exact project topic you want in a complete, ready-to-use format.

I have a fresh topic that is not on your website. How do I go about it?

If you have a fresh topic that is not listed on our website, don’t worry—you can still get a complete and well-prepared research project. All you need to do is chat with us directly on WhatsApp or contact our Instant Help Desk. Once you share the details of your topic, our team of experts will guide you through the process and provide a custom-written research project tailored specifically to your requirements. This ensures that even if your topic is new, unique, or uncommon, you will still receive a high-quality, original project that meets your academic needs.

How fast can I get this complete project on any project topic?

You can get your complete project very quickly, depending on your needs. If you want this exact project topic without any adjustments or modifications, it will be ready for you to download within 15 minutes. The process is fast, simple, and convenient, ensuring you don’t waste time waiting. However, if you require some changes, customization, or a fresh project written from scratch, the delivery time may take a little longer, depending on the scope of work involved. Either way, we are committed to ensuring you get your complete project promptly to meet your academic deadlines.

Is it a complete research project or just materials?

It is a Complete Research Project, not just research materials or excerpts. This means you will receive everything you need in a standard academic project format. Specifically, the package includes Chapters 1 to 5, a well-written Abstract, a detailed Table of Contents, complete References, and where applicable, Questionnaires or Secondary Data. Each section is carefully structured to meet academic requirements, making it suitable for submission or further customization. So, when you download, you’re not just getting scattered notes but a fully developed research project that is ready for use, study, or adaptation to your specific academic needs.

What if I want to change the case study for this topic?

If you would like to change the case study for this topic, it’s very easy. Simply chat with our Instant Help Desk now via +234 708 7083 227, and you will get an immediate response. Our team will assist you in modifying the project to reflect the new case study of your choice. This ensures the content remains relevant and tailored to your academic requirements. Whether you want to switch to a different organization, location, or sample population, our experts will make the necessary adjustments promptly, so you still receive a complete and well-structured research project without any hassle.

How will I get my complete project?

Your Complete Project Material will be delivered directly to your email address for easy access and use. The file will be sent in Microsoft Word document format (MS Word), which allows you to easily read, edit, and customize the content to suit your specific requirements. This format is widely accepted for academic work and ensures you can make adjustments such as changing the case study, updating references, or adding personal inputs if needed. Once the project is sent, you can download it to your device immediately and begin working with it without any extra steps or complications.

Can I get my Complete Project through WhatsApp?

Yes! You can also receive your Complete Research Project directly through your WhatsApp number for convenience. Once your project is ready, we can send the full material in MS Word format straight to your WhatsApp, making it quick and easy for you to download and access on your phone or computer. This option is especially helpful if you prefer instant delivery, faster communication, or easier access on mobile devices. Whether through email or WhatsApp, you will still get the same complete project—including all chapters, abstract, references, and questionnaires where applicable—delivered securely and without delay.

What if my Project Supervisor made some changes to a topic I picked from your website?

If your project supervisor has made some changes to the topic you picked from our website, there is no need to worry. Simply call our Instant Help Desk now on +234 708 7083 227, and you will get an immediate response. Our team will assist you in adjusting the project to reflect your supervisor’s corrections or modifications. Whether it involves rephrasing the topic, changing the case study, or adding specific requirements, we will make the necessary updates quickly. This ensures your project aligns perfectly with your supervisor’s expectations while still maintaining a complete, high-quality research structure.

Do you assist students with Assignment and Project Proposal?

Yes! We also assist students with Assignments and Project Proposals in addition to complete research projects. If you need help with writing, structuring, or editing your proposal or assignment, our team is ready to guide you and provide the necessary materials. Simply call our Instant Help Desk now on +234 708 7083 227, and you will be attended to immediately. We provide professional support to ensure your work meets academic standards, whether it’s a proposal for approval, a class assignment, or a full project. This way, you can save time, reduce stress, and achieve excellent results.

What if I do not have any project topic idea at all?

Smiles! 😊 We’ve totally got you covered if you don’t have any project topic idea at all. Our team specializes in helping students brainstorm and select suitable topics that align with their field of study, interests, and academic requirements. All you need to do is chat with us on WhatsApp now via +234 708 7083 227 to get instant help. We will provide you with a list of well-researched, relevant, and trending project topics to choose from. Once you make your choice, we’ll guide you through the next steps, ensuring you get a complete project tailored just for you.

How can I trust this site?

You can trust this site because we are genuine and duly registered with the Corporate Affairs Commission (CAC), which gives you confidence that we are a recognized and legitimate business. In addition, our platform is protected with Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) encryption, meaning all your personal details, communications, and financial transactions are highly secure and safe from unauthorized access. Over the years, we have successfully assisted thousands of students with research projects, proposals, and assignments, building a solid track record of reliability. With these measures in place, you can be assured of our credibility, professionalism, and commitment to your academic success.

Customer Testimonials | Https://researchprojecttopics.com.ng

Our Customers are Happy

Ademola A.

★★★★★

I was skeptical at first, but after placing my order, my full project arrived in my email in under 15 minutes! The process was smooth, clear, and professional. Truly amazing service!

Kwabena K.

★★★★★

I needed a custom project on a new topic. researchprojecttopics.com.ng delivered within 3 days, and the quality was outstanding. They even guided me on how to defend it. Highly recommend!

Michael H.

★★★★★

Fast, reliable, and very professional. My research project was delivered on time, with no hidden charges. The team is trustworthy and supportive.

Fatou B.

★★★★★

I got my full project in minutes and my custom request within 3 days. Their communication is clear, and the material is top-notch. Excellent experience!

James O.

★★★★★

https://researchprojecttopics.com.ng is a lifesaver! My project was delivered exactly as requested. The team is friendly, professional, and highly responsive. Very satisfied!

Ngozi E.

★★★★★

I was worried about paying online, but the team reassured me and delivered my complete project instantly. Transparent and professional service!

Ama S.

★★★★★

I requested a custom topic project and received it in just 3 days. The guidance and quality were excellent. I recommend Https://researchprojecttopics.com.ng to everyone!

Sarah W.

★★★★★

The service is dependable and efficient. My project arrived on time, and every step was transparent. Truly a professional service I trust.

Emmanuel T.

★★★★★

Fast and reliable. My full project was delivered in minutes, and the custom project in 3 days. Communication was excellent throughout.

Aisha N.

★★★★★

Extremely satisfied with the service. My project was delivered promptly, fully transparent, and of high quality. A trustworthy academic partner!

Frequently Asked Questions

Our Customers are Happy

Ademola A.

Kwabena K.

Michael H.

Fatou B.

James O.

Ngozi E.

Ama S.

Sarah W.

Emmanuel T.

Aisha N.

Related Posts