Project – Content Analysis of Newspaper Coverage of Gender-Based Violence: A Case Study of Daily Trust and Guardian Newspapers

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• Background to the Study

The media plays a crucial role in shaping public perception and discourse around social issues, including gender-based violence (GBV). Numerous studies have examined how newspapers cover GBV, revealing patterns in the framing, frequency, and depth of coverage. This literature review explores the existing research on this topic, with a specific focus on the Daily Trust and Guardian newspapers.

One significant study by Bullock and Cubert (2002) analyzed the portrayal of domestic violence in newspapers and found that coverage often minimizes the severity of the issue and sometimes blames the victim. This study highlights the importance of examining not just the frequency of coverage but also the framing and language used. Similarly, a study by Carlyle, Slater, and Chakroff (2008) found that media coverage often focuses on sensational aspects of GBV, such as extreme cases, rather than providing a comprehensive view of the issue. These findings suggest that newspapers may contribute to a skewed public understanding of GBV.

In the context of Nigerian newspapers, Ezeah, Asogwa, and Obiorah (2013) conducted a content analysis of GBV coverage in Nigerian dailies, including the Daily Trust and Guardian. Their study revealed that while there is some coverage of GBV, it is often sporadic and lacks depth. The researchers found that stories were frequently buried in less prominent sections of the newspapers, reducing their visibility and impact. This aligns with findings from international studies, suggesting a global pattern in the media’s handling of GBV.

Further, a study by Oyesomi, Oyero, and Okorie (2014) examined the framing of GBV in Nigerian newspapers and found that the coverage often lacked a gender-sensitive perspective. The researchers noted that stories frequently failed to contextualize GBV within broader societal issues, such as patriarchy and gender inequality. This lack of context can lead to a superficial understanding of GBV and its root causes. The study also highlighted the need for more investigative journalism to uncover the systemic nature of GBV.

The role of cultural context in media coverage of GBV is another critical area of research. A study by Adamu (2017) focused on the Daily Trust and Guardian newspapers, examining how cultural norms and values influence the portrayal of GBV. Adamu found that cultural attitudes towards gender roles and violence significantly impact how stories are reported. For example, there is often a reluctance to challenge traditional gender norms, which can result in biased or incomplete reporting. This underscores the importance of considering cultural factors in content analysis of GBV coverage.

Finally, the impact of media coverage on public awareness and policy is a crucial area of study. Research by McManus and Dorfman (2005) suggests that media coverage can influence public opinion and policy responses to GBV. However, for this to happen, the coverage must be frequent, prominent, and framed in a way that highlights the seriousness of the issue. Studies on the Daily Trust and Guardian newspapers indicate that while there is some coverage of GBV, it often falls short in these areas, limiting its potential impact.

The existing literature on newspaper coverage of GBV, including studies on the Daily Trust and Guardian newspapers, reveals several key patterns. Coverage is often sporadic, lacks depth, and is influenced by cultural norms. There is a need for more comprehensive and gender-sensitive reporting to raise public awareness and influence policy. Future research should continue to explore these issues, with a focus on developing strategies to improve media coverage of GBV.

• Statement of the Problem

Gender-based violence (GBV) remains a pervasive issue worldwide, affecting individuals regardless of age, socioeconomic status, or geographic location. Despite its prevalence, the media’s role in shaping public perception and policy responses to GBV is critical yet often under-examined. Newspapers, as a traditional and influential medium, have the power to inform, educate, and influence societal attitudes towards GBV. This study aims to investigate how two prominent Nigerian newspapers, Daily Trust and Guardian Newspaper, cover gender-based violence, and to what extent their reporting aligns with the principles of responsible journalism.

The problem lies in the potential biases and gaps in media coverage that can either perpetuate harmful stereotypes or fail to adequately highlight the severity and nuances of GBV. Previous research has indicated that media coverage can sometimes sensationalize incidents of violence, focus disproportionately on certain types of GBV while neglecting others, or fail to provide context that could help readers understand the systemic nature of the issue. This study seeks to identify such patterns in the coverage by Daily Trust and Guardian Newspaper, examining whether their reporting contributes to a comprehensive and balanced understanding of GBV.

Another critical aspect of the problem is the representation of victims and perpetrators in newspaper articles. Media portrayals can significantly influence public empathy and support for victims, as well as societal attitudes towards perpetrators. This study will analyze how victims and perpetrators are depicted in the selected newspapers, considering factors such as gender, age, and socioeconomic status. It will also explore whether the coverage reinforces or challenges existing stereotypes and power dynamics related to GBV.

Furthermore, the study will assess the extent to which the newspapers provide actionable information and resources for readers. Effective journalism on GBV should not only report incidents but also offer guidance on prevention, support services, and legal recourse. By evaluating the presence and quality of such information in Daily Trust and Guardian Newspaper, this research aims to determine whether the newspapers are fulfilling their role in empowering readers and contributing to the fight against GBV.

The problem is compounded by the potential influence of editorial policies and commercial pressures on newspaper content. Newspapers may prioritize stories that attract readership and advertising revenue, potentially at the expense of thorough and sensitive reporting on GBV. This study will consider the impact of these factors on the coverage of GBV in Daily Trust and Guardian Newspaper, exploring whether commercial interests compromise journalistic integrity and the quality of information provided to the public.

In summary, this study addresses the critical issue of how gender-based violence is covered by two major Nigerian newspapers. By conducting a content analysis of Daily Trust and Guardian Newspaper, the research aims to uncover biases, gaps, and strengths in their reporting. The findings will contribute to a better understanding of the media’s role in shaping public perception of GBV and highlight areas for improvement in journalistic practices. Ultimately, this study seeks to promote more responsible and effective media coverage of gender-based violence, which is essential for raising awareness, shaping policy, and supporting victims.

• Aim and Objectives of the Study

The aim of the study is to examine Content Analysis of Newspaper coverage of gender – Based violence; A case study of daily Trust and Guardian Newspaper

1. To analyze the frequency of gender-based violence-related articles in Daily Trust and Guardian Newspaper.
2. To examine the tone and language used in gender-based violence coverage in the two newspapers.
3. To identify the types of gender-based violence incidents that are most commonly reported in the newspapers.
4. To compare the coverage of gender-based violence in Daily Trust and Guardian Newspaper in terms of depth and breadth.

• Research Questions

The research questions are buttressed below:

1. What is the frequency of gender-based violence-related articles in Daily Trust and Guardian Newspaper?
2. How is the tone and language used in gender-based violence coverage in the two newspapers?
3. What are the types of gender-based violence incidents that are most commonly reported in the newspapers?
4. How does the coverage of gender-based violence in Daily Trust and Guardian Newspaper compare in terms of depth and breadth?

• Significance of the Study

The significance of studying the content analysis of newspaper coverage of gender-based violence, particularly through a case study of Daily Trust and Guardian Newspaper, lies in its potential to illuminate the role of media in shaping public perception and policy. Newspapers are a primary source of information for many people, and the way they report on gender-based violence can influence societal attitudes and responses. By analyzing the content, we can understand whether these newspapers are raising awareness, perpetuating stereotypes, or providing balanced and factual reporting. This understanding is crucial for developing strategies to improve media coverage and, consequently, public awareness and policy-making.

Furthermore, this study can reveal the extent to which gender-based violence is prioritized in media coverage. If newspapers like Daily Trust and Guardian are found to frequently report on such issues, it could indicate a high level of societal concern and a push towards addressing these problems. Conversely, if coverage is sparse or superficial, it might suggest a need for greater advocacy and education within the media industry. This analysis can help identify gaps in reporting and areas where more in-depth, investigative journalism is needed to bring these critical issues to the forefront.

Another significant aspect of this study is its potential to highlight the differences in coverage between different newspapers. Daily Trust and Guardian may have different editorial policies, target audiences, and regional focuses, which can influence how they report on gender-based violence. By comparing these two newspapers, the study can provide insights into how different media outlets approach the topic and whether there are any notable biases or disparities. This comparison can be valuable for media professionals, researchers, and advocates working to ensure fair and comprehensive coverage of gender-based violence.

The study also has implications for understanding the impact of media coverage on victims and survivors of gender-based violence. The way newspapers report on these issues can affect how victims are perceived and treated by society. Sensationalist or victim-blaming coverage can further traumatize survivors and discourage them from seeking help, while respectful and accurate reporting can validate their experiences and encourage them to come forward. By analyzing the content of Daily Trust and Guardian, the study can assess whether these newspapers are contributing to a supportive environment for survivors or perpetuating harmful narratives.

Additionally, this research can inform media training and education programs. By identifying common shortcomings or strengths in the coverage of gender-based violence, the study can provide concrete examples and recommendations for journalists and editors. This can help improve the quality of reporting on these issues, ensuring that it is more accurate, sensitive, and impactful. Media professionals can use the findings to refine their practices and better serve their audiences, ultimately contributing to a more informed and empathetic society.

Finally, the significance of this study extends to policy-making and advocacy efforts. Policymakers and advocates can use the findings to push for changes in media regulations, support for investigative journalism, and public awareness campaigns. By demonstrating the importance of media coverage in shaping public attitudes and responses to gender-based violence, the study can help secure the necessary resources and attention to address this pervasive issue. In this way, the research can contribute to broader efforts to combat gender-based violence and promote gender equality.

• Scope of the Study

The study examines Content Analysis of Newspaper coverage of gender – Based violence; A case study of daily Trust and Guardian Newspaper. The study is limited to daily Trust and Guardian Newspaper in Nigeria.

1.7. Operational Definition of Terms

Content Analysis: Content analysis is a research method used to systematically analyze and interpret the content of communication. This can include written texts, speech, media, and other forms of communication. The goal is to identify patterns, themes, biases, and meanings within the content. It often involves coding and categorizing data to make it easier to quantify and analyze.

Newspaper Coverage: Newspaper coverage refers to the way events, issues, and topics are reported and presented in newspapers. This includes the selection of stories, the framing of issues, the language used, and the prominence given to different topics. Newspaper coverage can significantly influence public perception and understanding of events and issues.

Gender-Based Violence: Gender-based violence (GBV) refers to harmful acts directed at an individual based on their gender. It encompasses a range of violent acts, including physical, sexual, emotional, and psychological abuse. GBV disproportionately affects women and girls, but it can also affect men and boys. It is rooted in gender inequality, power imbalances, and harmful social norms.

Project – Content Analysis of Newspaper Coverage of Gender-Based Violence: A Case Study of Daily Trust and Guardian Newspapers