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CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Background of the Study

The Domain Name System (DNS) is a hierarchical decentralized naming system for computers, services, or other resources connected to the Internet or a private network. It associates various information with domain names assigned to each of the participating entities. Most prominently, it translates more readily memorized domain names to the numerical IP addresses needed for locating and identifying computer services and devices with the underlying network protocols. By providing a worldwide, distributed directory service, the Domain Name System is an essential component of the functionality on the Internet that has been in use since 1985.

The Domain Name System delegates the responsibility of assigning domain names and mapping those names to Internet resources by designating authoritative name servers for each domain. Network administrators may delegate authority over sub-domains of their allocated name space to other name servers. This mechanism provides distributed and fault tolerant service and was designed to avoid a single large central database.

The Domain Name System also specifies the technical functionality of the database service that is at its core. It defines the DNS protocol, a detailed specification of the data structures and data communication exchanges used in the DNS, as part of the Internet Protocol Suite. Historically, other directory services preceding DNS were not scalable to large or global directories as they were originally based on text files, prominently the hosts file.

The Internet maintains two principal namespaces, the domain name hierarchy and the Internet Protocol (IP) address spaces. The Domain Name System maintains the domain name hierarchy and provides translation services between it and the address spaces. Internet name servers and a communication protocol implement the Domain Name System. A DNS name server is a server that stores the DNS records for a domain; a DNS name server responds with answers to queries against its database.

The most common types of records stored in the DNS database are for Start of Authority (SOA), IP addresses (A and AAAA), SMTP mail exchangers (MX), name servers (NS), pointers for reverse DNS lookups (PTR), and domain name aliases (CNAME). Although not intended to be a general purpose database, DNS can store records for other types of data for either automatic lookups, such as DNSSEC records, or for human queries such as responsible person (RP) records. As a general purpose database, the DNS has also been used in combating unsolicited email (spam) by storing a real-time black hole list. The DNS database is traditionally stored in a structured zone file.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

It is very typical in every industry that as its client base continuous to grow, the industry faces increased number of problems. In a DNS setting, the problems may include:

Poor network strength
Network hacking
No signal when the network is down etc.

1.3 Aim of the Study

The aim of this project is to demonstrate the practical utility of authentication and adaptive security in trading off security and performance to provide better security whilst maintaining QoS constraints

1.4 Objective of the Study

The objective of this authentication and adaptive security for DNS system is to include the following:

To control access into a DNS system.
To Secure information and Identity Management
To Secure Internet and information sharing
To Allow Reliability of a secured network
To Secure Desktop file Sharing

1.5 Significance of the Study

This project enlightens readers and would serve as bedrock for Domain Name System in a computer Network environment. As for a well-designed DNS, the project has the following significance:

Ability to predict the runtime system performance behavior resulting from a security adaptation. This is achieved through offline experimentation which measures the system performance states under different security algorithms and contextual parameters.
Design and implementation of Adaptive SSL for the DNS. The Secure Socket Layer (SSL) is augmented with adaptive features through the application of our methodology and adherence to the design which accompanies it.
A methodology detailing key steps and activities to create an adaptive security solution from legacy non-adaptive security systems
The study would also be helpful to the students who are carrying out research on this topic or any related topic

1.6 Scope of the Study

This scope of the design and demonstration of a secure DNS network should cover the following features:

Internet-based Site to Site DNS that connects the various institutions
Three Site WAN location which implies the HQ and two branches of the institution
Access Control List Implementation, IPsec and Encryption to provide secure Access to network resources
Network Reliability

1.7 Limitation of the Study

The design of Secure DNS is an enterprise network Project that leverages the use of enterprise facilities and network infrastructures available to the institution. In this project most of these facilities are not present. This research ought to cover a wide area but unable to do so due to the following limitations (Bradley Mitchell, 1988).

Finance: The cost of acquiring network equipment is high, and as students, we were unable to afford all the financial requirements of the research study.

Time: The period of time allowed for this project was small. A project of this nature need more time for complete investigation and research to be conducted. More so, studies and examinations are being combined which does not allow complete dedication to the project. Therefore the following may not be achieved in this academic project.

Scalability
Network management
Policy management
Remote Access DNS

1.8 Definition of Terms

ROUTER: A Network layer mechanism, either software or hardware, using one or more metrics to decide on the best path to use for transmission of network traffic.

SWITCH: Is a computer network device that connects devices together on a computer network, by using packet switching to receive, process and forward data to the destination device…

ATM: Asynchronous Transfer Mode: The international standard, identified by fixed-length 53-byte cells, for transmitting cells in multiple service systems, such as voice, video, or data. Transit delays are reduced because the fixed-length cells permit processing to occur in the hardware.

ATM is designed to maximize the benefits of high-speed transmission media, such as SONET, E3, and T3

BANDWIDTH: The rate of data transfer, bit rate or throughput, measured in bits per second (bit/s)

Quality of Service (QoS)

Quality is measured as the predictability or guarantee of service delivery. In this project, I measure the percentage of successfully serviced requests, where success implies a service response within a given time period.

Trade-Off

Trade-off is defined as “a balance achieved between two desirable but incompatible features; a compromise.”

COLLISION DOMAIN: The network area in Ethernet over which frames that have collided will be detected. Collisions are propagated by hubs and repeaters, but not by LAN switches, routers, or bridges.

DNS: The Domain Name System (DNS) is a hierarchical decentralized naming system for computers, services, or other resources connected to the Internet or a private network

DHCP:(Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol): DHCP is a network protocol that enables a server to automatically assign an IP address t o a computer from a defined range of numbers configured for a given network.

IP address: Often called an Internet address; this is an address uniquely identifying any device (host) on the Internet (or any TCP/IP network). Each address consists of four octets (32 bits), represented as decimal numbers separated by periods (a format known as “dotted-decimal”). Every address is made up of a network number, an optional sub network number, and a host number.

LAN:(local area network): Broadly, any network linking two or more computers and related devices within a limited geographical area (up to a few kilometers). LANs are typically high-speed, low-error networks within a company. Cabling and signaling at the Physical and Data Link layers of the OSI are dictated by LAN standards. Ethernet, FDDI, and Token Ring are among the most popular LAN technologies

NIC:(Network Interface Card): An electronic circuit board placed in a computer. The NIC provides network communication to a LAN.

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Full Project – Design and simulation of authentication and adaptive security for DNS system

Click here to Get The Complete Research Project Chapter 1-5

Full Project – Design and simulation of authentication and adaptive security for DNS system

Full Project – Design and simulation of authentication and adaptive security for DNS system

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