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Full Project – Design and implementation of Bluetooth security software

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Bluetooth, a new technology named after the 10th century Danish king Harald Bluetooth, is a recently proposed standard for local wireless communication and is becoming hotter and hotter a topic. The primary design goal of Bluetooth is a cable replacement protocol for wireless connectivity. Now it has extended to include the application scenarios of both voice/data access points and personal ad hoc networks.

A diverse set of wired and wireless devices are Bluetooth connectable, including office appliances, e.g. desktop PCs, printers, projectors, laptops, and PDAs; communication appliances, e.g. speakers, handsets, pagers, and mobile phones; home appliances, e.g. DVD players, digital cameras, cooking ovens, washing machines, refrigerators, and thermostats. Bluetooth is suitable for a wide range of applications, e.g. wireless office and meeting room, smart home and vehicle, intelligent parking, electrical paying and banking.

Bluetooth is a de facto standard for ubiquitous devices to achieve the pervasive connectivity by low-power, short-range, low-cost embedded radio. The normal transmitting power is 1mW (0dBm) and the option is100mW (-30 to +20dBm). The normal range is 10m and the optional one 100m. Power consumption is from 20mA to 30mA on different operating states. The cost of a single-chip Bluetooth solution expects to be around $5 per device.

Bluetooth adopts a master-slave architecture to form an ad hoc wireless network named piconet. A master in a piconet may communicate with up to seven active slaves. Several connected piconets can further form a scatternet.

Bluetooth was developed by Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) formed in May 1998. The founding members included Ericsson, Intel, IBM, Nokia, and Toshiba. Since then, almost all of the biggest telecommunications companies have joined the Bluetooth SIG, e.g. 3Com, Lucent, Microsoft, Motorola, etc. Bluetooth specification is a free open standard and the latest version 1.1 was approved in February 2001 [1, 2]. The Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN)standard, developed by the IEEE 802.15 Working Group [3], is based on the Bluetooth.

Security is always one of the most important issues to any communication technique. In a wireless scenario, such as the Bluetooth, this problem becomes more severe for the totally open-air transmission.

1.1 Background of the Study

In the present ‘Hi-Tech’ world, the technical standards seem to change and evolve faster than the headlines in daily news-papers. Although for the scientific community this is a reason of great joy and pride, these rapid developments tend to confuse the less informed end users. In the domain of wireless communication, I have seen the emergence of a whole array of new standards and technologies in the past few years, from Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) to Bluetooth and WiMAX. It is in such a case that a particular new technology has to differentiate itself from the rest and clearly define what it hopes to do for the users. For instance, WLAN and Bluetooth both operate in the license free 2.4 GHz frequency ranges. They are both wireless networking standards and hence without precise information, may cause the users to wonder why they need the new Bluetooth when they already have a WLAN capability on their devices?

Bluetooth is an industry standard, later adopted by the IEEE 802.15 work group as the Wireless Personal Area Network Standard (WPAN). To clearly understand this, I need to understand what a PAN is. A Personal Area Network can be defined as a network of devices in close range to a person, which can communicate with each other. A typical PAN could consist of a Laptop, a Mobile Phone and a Printer. The user can transmit images from the mobile phone equipped with a camera to his computer which can then send it to the printer. And all this can be done without the need for wires as illustrated in Figure 1. The basic idea of PAN is to make the users experience richer in terms of reliability and flexibility and help him use all his devices in seamless interconnection. So, in this context one could argue that WLAN is an existing networking standard and hence could have been used to achieve the same. But, the reason for emergence of Bluetooth as a standard and its wide acceptance is because of the fact that Bluetooth is specifically aimed at close range ad hoc networking without the need for a pre-determined infrastructure. Since the operating range in terms of distance and speed of WLAN is much higher, WLAN modules consume significantly more energy as opposed to Bluetooth devices. Bluetooth devices typically operate over a very short range of 1 to 10 meters and hence consume very little power. Bluetooth can hence be used to connect peripheral devices wirelessly thus eliminating the need for various types of communication cables.

Figure 1: Bluetooth usage scenarios

In this project I further examine the Bluetooth technology closely and present analysis on some issues that are discussed in our problem statement. I also present a case study to illustrate my analysis and insights I develop through the various sections of the Project. The Project is organized into different parts. At the end of these main sections I derive some conclusions in general about Bluetooth technology.

1.2 Statement of the problem

In this project, I will answer the following questions:

What is the application of Bluetooth technology? What are the advantages of using Bluetooth? And how does it compare with other available technologies.
What is driving the deployment of Bluetooth? Both from the perspective of a user and that of the industry.
What are the general security issues in wireless technology and in specific what are the security issues in Bluetooth?
Demonstrate with a use case / study, how Bluetooth can be used in a practical scenario?

1.3 Objective of the Study

The main objective of this paper is to provide a study on Bluetooth security, including an overview of the fundamentals, an introduction of implementation issues, and an analysis of potential vulnerabilities.

1.4 Scope of the Study

Through the course of the project I have used various sources of literature as indicated in the reference along with the material presented. I have conducted two interviews, to gain a market perspective on Bluetooth technologies. I have also conducted a survey amongst the students and staff at BTH to understand the user’s point of view. Through analysis, brainstorming and discussions I gained from above methods I have been able to address the questions I set out to answer and eventually propose a simple use case for Bluetooth technology.

1.5 Definitions of Terms

Integrity: The data cannot be modified during transfer and stored by adversaries. Availability: The data is always available for authorized use.

Encryption: The process of transforming data into a form that it cannot be understood without a key. Both data and control information can be encrypted.

Authentication: The process of verifying ‘who’ is at the other end of the link. Authentication is performed for both devices and users.

Authorization: The process of deciding if a device is allowed to have access to a service. Authorization always includes authentication.

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