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Full Project – EVALUATION OF NARCOTIC SUBSTANCE USE AMONG SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN NIGERIA

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background to the Study

Narcotic abuse and dependency impose enormous costs on people and society worldwide. According to the World Health Report (2010), Narcotic drug use accounts for 8.9 percent of the overall burden of illness. According to the study, cigarettes accounted for 4.1 percent of the illness burden in 2010, alcohol accounted for 4%, and illegal substances accounted for 0.8 percent. A significant portion of the burden associated with drug use and dependence is the outcome of a range of health and social issues. World Health Organization (WHO, 2011) data indicate widespread seizures of cocaine, heroin, cannabis, and amphetamine-type stimulants in many regions of the world. Cocaine, heroin, and cannabis availability is contingent upon the degree of production in source nations and the success or failure of trafficking groups. Nonetheless, even with increased law enforcement activity, there always appears to be sufficient resources available to users. According to (UNODC, 2011), over 200 million individuals use illegal substances in some form.

Narcotic drug abuse is a growing societal concern in educational institutions, particularly among secondary school students (Neeraja, 2011). This social problem is of grave concern since it has a detrimental effect on the lives and academic achievement of the kids concerned, as well as on the smooth functioning of the entire social system. Narcotic drug use and various related issues are detrimental to human cultures’ existence and effectiveness. Numerous premature fatalities and accidents have been attributed to the actions of individuals under the influence of one or more Narcotic drugs (Shelly, 2010).

Different authorities perceive drug misuse differently. Neeraja (2011) described substance abuse as a physical or psychological reliance on a drug or other chemical substance that has a harmful influence on the individual’s physical and mental health, as well as on the welfare of others. Smelzer, Bare, Hinkle, and Cheever (2008) define substance abuse as a maladaptive pattern of drug use that results in bodily and mental damage and the potential for disturbance of everyday living. Substance abuse, as defined by these definitions, is the intentional misuse of one or more drugs prescribed by a health practitioner with the intent of altering one’s feelings, thoughts, or behaviors, and it is associated with negative consequences such as physical and emotional harm to the individual.

Substance abuse, according to the African Symposium (2010), is defined as the incorrect use or administration of drugs by a person who lacks enough understanding of the substances and does not have a valid prescription from a trained medical practitioner. This term is limited to narcotics. All drugs can be misused to the point of addiction, which occurs when the drug user is unable to discontinue usage despite the drugs’ negative consequences on the user’s social, personal, and economic lives. The problem of substance abuse is so serious that, while it was initially thought to affect just a’select few,’ it has expanded beyond the traditional features of abusers being men, adults, and urban inhabitants to encompass females, adolescents, and rural dwellers (Rocha, 2009). These abusers feel incorrectly that drugs improve their performance or put them in a pleasant mood. The consequences of this crime pose a serious danger to society’s well-being (Ajala, 2009).

Nigerian youth, like those in many other nations, are progressively acquiring an addiction to narcotic drugs. The National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA, 2011) collected data on drug use and abuse in schools, on patients admitted to mental health facilities for substance misuse, and on individuals prosecuted for drug offenses. The outcome

showed that youths constitute the high risk group for drug trafficking and abuse. Friends and school mates account for about 90% of the source of influence of the use and abuse of various Narcotic substances. In Nigeria, alcohol and cigarette are legal substances but, the two have been discovered to cause physical damage to human bodies. It has been reported that smoking tobacco causes 90.0% of lung cancer, 30.0% of all cancers, and 80.0% of other chronic lung diseases (Sale 2008). Apart from these health implications, according to Stephen (2010), alcohol and cigarette are said to be “gatew ay drugs” to other more potent Narcotic drugs like marijuana, heroin and cocaine.

The future of any community, society, state or nation is tied to the character of the adolescent in that particular place, area or locality. It is also said that “The youth are the leaders of tomorrow”. Therefore responsible youth in the socie ty indicates responsible and brighter future of that society and also the reverse is the case.

In our society people are known to have had problems that had made them to adopt various measures to cope with such problems and live successfully within the confines of societal normative values. While some people take solace in lawful ways others resort to unlawful and unhealthy measures such as the use of drugs or Narcotic substances to the extent of abusing them, hence resulting in addiction. According to Edum (2006) the adolescent in our society are not left out in this, as they are either influenced by peer group while others do so because of the easy availability of the abused substances, others also watch on television and films and some read in books and so try to experiment to experience the effects. The effects of specific Narcotic substance vary depending on their mechanism of action, the amount consumed and the history of the user among other factors.

A heinous reality that has plagued us in recent years is the growth in road traffic accidents associated with narcotic substance usage, as well as the rising crime rate in Nigeria, despite the fact that a number of measures have been implemented to combat this problem. This involves the formation of the National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA) as a result of Degrees 48 and 33 of 1989 and 1990, respectively. Despite these precautions, individuals, particularly teenagers, continue to use illegal narcotics, resulting in associated issues.

Statement of the Problem

Substance use is not a strange phenomenon; the global, regional and national dimension of it are documented. It is in recognition of the complexity of the problem that 26th June of every year has been declared as the International Day Against Abuse and illicit trafficking by United Nations. In its June, 2003 report, the United Nations Children and Education Fund (UNICEF) stated that the problem of HIV/AIDS is inextricably connected to a range of problems, among which is drug abuse among children and young people. Similarly, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) pointed out that drug abuse among “area boys” in Nigeria has been reported as the cau se of delinquent behaviours and crime.

The World Health Organization (WHO, 2010) believes that young people are more vulnerable to suffering physical, emotional and social harm from their own or other people’s drug use. It also identifies strong links between the high rate of drinking, violent sexual behaviour, traffic and other accidents and drug use. In relation to tobacco, World Health Organization also estimates that about 250 million children and adolescents who live in developing countries like Nigeria are likely to be killed by tobacco (Stephen, 2010).

The United Nations office on Drug and Crime (UNODC) partly attributes the prevalence of drug use in Nigeria to street hawking of drugs and pharmaceutical preparation. The prevalence rate of adolescent’s substance and drug abuse in our society poses a great concern to health care providers as some end up as addicts. This is quite substantial in Kano state. According to NDLEA (2010) reports, Kano State is the highest in terms of people arrested with the case of drug trafficking’ and suspected drug addicts (638 arrested suspects) followed by Katsina (411) and Rivers (347) etc.

According to NDLEA (2010) most of the people arrested in Kano state for drug addicts and trafficking are from Dala local government and neighboring communities and majority constitutes secondary school drop outs. Therefore based on the foregoing reasons, the researcher deemed it necessary to determine the prevalence and patterns of Narcotic substance use among the senior secondary school students in Dala LGA, Kano State Nigeria.

Purpose of the Study

The main purpose of the study is to determine the Narcotic substance use among students in Nigeria.

Objectives.

The Specific Objectives are to

Identify the attributes of students who use identified substances

Establish the prevalence of substance use among the senior secondary school students in Dala Local Government.

Identify the patterns of substance use among the senior secondary students.

Identify the substances commonly used by the Senior Secondary students

Identify the sources of influence of drug use among secondary school Students

Determine the age of onset of substance use among secondary school student

Identify the reasons why senior secondary school students use drugs

Research Questions

What are the attributes of students who abuse drugs?
What is the prevalence rate of Narcotic substance use among the senior secondary school students in Dala Local Government, Kano State?
What are the patterns of substance use among senior secondary school students?
What are the substances commonly used by the senior secondary school students?
What are the sources of influence of drug use among senior secondary school in Dala?
What is the age of onset of substance use among secondary school student in Dala local government?

What are the reasons senior secondary school students used drugs?

Hypothesis

There is no significant difference between Male and Female in secondary school in drug abuse.

There is no significant difference in pattern of drug abuse in days per month based on Narcotic Substances

There is no significant relationship of respondents age range at the first use based on life time use of Narcotic

Significance of the Study

The present study will reveal the prevalence, pattern, types and sources of Narcotic substances used by secondary school children. It will also reveal the attributes of the students who use drugs and the problems students encounter as a result of drug use. These findings are essential as they will help in understanding the overall social, academic and drug problems of the students and youth in Kano state.

This finding would be useful to the parents, teachers, police and the drug law enforcement agency (NDLEA) as well as other bodies concerned with checking drug abuse problems in Dala LGA of Kano state and Nigeria at large. The findings will provide a source of reference for intervention programmes in Kano state.

It is also hoped that the findings of this study will be useful for social monitoring and alerting people to the signs of Substance use so as to enable early diagnosis and treatment of affected persons. It will also assist in planning of preventive strategies for substance use in our secondary schools across the country.

The finding of this study will be useful to future researchers on the topic, as they will build on the strength and limitations of the study. And the finding of the study may spur them to form anti-Narcotic substance use clubs and associations. The activities of these groups can reach the wider society and will assist in curbing the menace of substance abuse in Dala LGA, Kano State and the country at large. The present study wills no doubt, spur interest for further studies.

Scope of the Study

The scope of this study is delimited to on Government Senior Secondary School Students in Dala LGA of Kano State. The study will be delimited to prevalence and pattern of Narcotic substance use among Government Senior secondary school student in Dala LGA, Kano state.

Operational Definition of Terms

Narcotic Substance: This refers to any substance which may be a drug or not but has the property of altering the mood in form of stimulation or distortion of perception.

Narcotic substance use refers to the use of any substance which may be drugs or not that has the property of altering the mood in form of stimulation or distortion of perception

Drug Abuse- refers to the illegal or excessive drug use; deliberate use of an illegal drug or of too much of a prescribed drugs

Prevalence of Narcotic substance use: refers to the proportion of a population found to have used a Narcotic substance or drugs.

Pattern of Narcotic substance use: Is the process addicts use which include Modes of Taking, frequencies and Style of Narcotic substance abuse etc
Source of influence: Those factors that introduce student to the drugs or substance use e.g peer group, family etc.

Secondary school students: Are students in the second phase of secondary education of 6-3-3-4 education system in Nigeria who finishes primary school.

Senior Secondary School Students refers to the students in SSI, SSII and SSIII of secondary school education system in Nigeria.

Non Medical drug use this is improper or illegal use of drugs or taking it in excessive doses without any medical reasons.

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