Influence of test anxiety on examination malpractice among undergraduate education students

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• Background to the Study

Test anxiety is a prevalent issue among undergraduate education students, significantly influencing their academic performance and, in some cases, leading to examination malpractice. According to Spielberger (1980), test anxiety is a type of performance anxiety that can be defined as a feeling of unease or apprehension experienced before, during, or after an examination due to concern about failure. This anxiety can manifest in various ways, including physical symptoms such as headaches, nausea, and rapid heartbeat, as well as psychological symptoms such as feelings of fear and helplessness (Zeidner, 1998).

Examination malpractice, on the other hand, is a widespread problem in the educational system, particularly among undergraduate students. It refers to any form of cheating or dishonest behavior during examinations, such as copying from another student’s paper, using unauthorized materials, or obtaining exam questions in advance (Nwadiani, 2000). This malpractice is often a desperate attempt by students to achieve success in their academic pursuits, especially when they are under immense pressure or experiencing high levels of test anxiety (Olatunbosun, 2009).

Several studies have explored the relationship between test anxiety and examination malpractice. For instance, a study by Putwain, Woods, and Symes (2010) found a significant positive correlation between test anxiety and examination malpractice among undergraduate students. The researchers suggested that students with high levels of test anxiety are more likely to engage in examination malpractice as a coping mechanism to alleviate their anxiety and improve their chances of success.

Similarly, a study by Onyejiaku (1991) involving Nigerian undergraduate students found that those with high test anxiety levels were more likely to engage in examination malpractice than those with low anxiety levels. The study concluded that test anxiety could be a significant predictor of examination malpractice, emphasizing the need for interventions to reduce test anxiety among students.

However, it is important to note that not all students with test anxiety engage in examination malpractice. A study by Zeidner (1998) found that while test anxiety was a significant factor in predicting examination malpractice, other factors such as academic self-efficacy, perceived difficulty of the exam, and attitudes towards cheating also played a significant role. This suggests that while test anxiety can influence examination malpractice, it is not the sole determinant.

There is relationship between test anxiety and examination malpractice among undergraduate education students. However, more research is needed to fully understand this relationship and develop effective interventions to reduce both test anxiety and examination malpractice. Future research should also consider other potential influencing factors, such as academic self-efficacy and attitudes towards cheating.

• Statement of the Problem

The problem of test anxiety leading to examination malpractice among undergraduate education students is a significant issue that needs to be addressed. Test anxiety is a psychological condition where individuals experience severe distress and anxiety in testing situations (Zeidner, 1998). While this can affect any student, it is particularly prevalent among undergraduate education students, who often face high levels of pressure and stress due to the demanding nature of their courses (Cassady & Johnson, 2002).

The influence of test anxiety on examination malpractice is a complex issue. Some studies suggest that students with high test anxiety are more likely to engage in examination malpractice as a coping mechanism (Smith & Smith, 2002). This malpractice can take various forms, including cheating, using unauthorized materials, or even resorting to impersonation during exams. Such behaviors not only undermine the integrity of the educational system but also hinder the students’ academic and personal growth.

However, the relationship between test anxiety and examination malpractice is not straightforward. Other research indicates that the link may be mediated by other factors, such as self-efficacy and academic motivation (Putwain, 2008). For instance, students with low self-efficacy and high test anxiety may be more prone to engage in examination malpractice. Similarly, students who are highly motivated to succeed but struggle with test anxiety may resort to malpractice as a desperate measure to achieve their academic goals.

Despite the growing body of research on this topic, there are still significant gaps in our understanding. For example, most studies have focused on individual factors, neglecting the potential influence of broader institutional and societal factors. Moreover, there is a lack of longitudinal studies investigating how the relationship between test anxiety and examination malpractice evolves over time (Segool et al., 2013).

The consequences of this problem are far-reaching. Examination malpractice not only undermines the credibility of the educational system but also has severe implications for the students involved. It can lead to academic penalties, damage to reputation, and even legal consequences in some cases. Moreover, it prevents students from truly learning and developing the skills they need for their future careers (McCabe, Trevino, & Butterfield, 2001).

The influence of test anxiety on examination malpractice among undergraduate education students is a significant problem that warrants further investigation. By understanding the underlying mechanisms and contributing factors, educators and policymakers can develop effective strategies to mitigate this issue and promote academic integrity.

• Aim and Objectives of the Study

The aim of the study is to examine the influence of test anxiety on examination malpractice among undergraduate education students. The specific objectives are:

1. To investigate the prevalence of test anxiety among undergraduate education students.
2. To identify the factors of test anxiety that contribute most significantly to examination malpractice.
3. To examine the coping mechanisms undergraduate education students employ to manage test anxiety.
4. To assess the impact of test anxiety on academic performance.

• Research Questions

The research questions are buttressed below:

1. What is the prevalence of test anxiety among undergraduate education students?
2. Which factors of test anxiety contribute most significantly to examination malpractice among undergraduate education students?
3. What coping mechanisms do undergraduate education students employ to manage test anxiety?
4. How does test anxiety impact the academic performance of undergraduate education students?

• Research Hypothesis

The hypothetical statement of the study is buttressed below:

H_o: Test anxiety has no significant impact on the academic performance.

H₁: Test anxiety has significant impact on the academic performance

• Significance of the Study

The significance of the study on the influence of test anxiety on examination malpractice among undergraduate education students is multi-faceted and far-reaching. Firstly, it provides a comprehensive understanding of the psychological factors that contribute to examination malpractice. Test anxiety, a common phenomenon among students, can lead to a heightened sense of fear and apprehension. This fear, in turn, can push students towards malpractice as a means to secure good grades. By studying this relationship, we can gain insights into the psychological triggers of malpractice, which is a crucial step towards curbing this issue.

Secondly, this study can help in the development of effective strategies to combat examination malpractice. By understanding the role of test anxiety in promoting malpractice, educators and policymakers can devise interventions that address this root cause. This could include stress management workshops, counselling sessions, and other support systems that help students cope with test anxiety. Such interventions can not only reduce the prevalence of malpractice but also improve the overall mental health of students.

Thirdly, the study can contribute to the existing body of knowledge in the field of educational psychology. It can provide empirical evidence to support or refute theories about the relationship between test anxiety and examination malpractice. This can stimulate further research and discussions in the field, leading to a more nuanced understanding of student behavior and learning processes.

Fourthly, the study can have significant implications for the evaluation and assessment practices in educational institutions. If test anxiety is found to be a significant contributor to examination malpractice, it may necessitate a reevaluation of current testing methods. Alternative assessment methods that reduce test anxiety, such as continuous assessment, project-based assessment, or open-book exams, could be considered.

Fifthly, the study can influence the way educators approach their students and their teaching methods. If test anxiety is found to be a significant factor in examination malpractice, teachers may need to adopt more empathetic and supportive teaching methods. They may need to focus more on creating a safe and stress-free learning environment, rather than solely focusing on academic performance.

Lastly, the study can have societal implications as well. Examination malpractice is not just an educational issue, but a societal one, as it reflects on the values and ethics of the society. By addressing the root causes of examination malpractice, such as test anxiety, we can promote a culture of honesty, integrity, and hard work. This can have a positive impact on the overall moral and ethical fabric of the society.

• Scope of the Study

The study examines the influence of test anxiety on examination malpractice among undergraduate education students. The study is restricted to selected institution in Lagos State.

• Operational Definition of Terms

1. Influence: This term refers to the capacity to have an effect on someone’s character, development, or behavior. In the context of your study, it would refer to how one factor, such as test anxiety, can impact another, such as examination malpractice.
2. Test Anxiety: This is a psychological condition in which individuals experience severe distress and anxiety in testing situations. This anxiety can significantly affect a student’s performance and overall academic success.
3. Examination Malpractice: This term refers to any form of unethical behavior or irregularities during examinations. It can include cheating, plagiarism, or any other form of dishonest behavior during an examination.
4. Undergraduate: This term refers to a university student who is studying for their first degree, usually a bachelor’s degree. They have not yet received a degree but are in the process of earning one.
5. Education: This is a broad term that refers to the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university. It is a discipline that is concerned with methods of teaching and learning in schools or school-like environments.
6. Students: These are individuals who are engaged in learning, typically within a school or university setting. In the context of your study, it would refer to those who are enrolled in an undergraduate education program.

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Influence of test anxiety on examination malpractice among undergraduate education students